30 Controversy and Crisis in Christendom Flashcards
What was announced after the Council of Clermont?
Pope Urban II called for a crusade to liberate the Holy Land from Muslim rulers.
What was the Investiture Controversy about?
It was about the right order in the world; should lay rulers have authority over bishops and clergy who serve within their domains, or did the spiritual power invested in priests, bishops, and ultimately the pope put them above the authority of secular rulers who were members of the laity?
What were the outcomes from the Easter synod in Rome held by Pope Nicholas II?
1) Priests and bishops cannot be invested in the church by a member of the laity
2) Cardinal bishops, priests and deacons would deliberate first in the selection of a pope, before seeking the assent of the people of Rome
Which king did pope Gregory VII excommunicate twice?
German King Henry IV
What were some of the differences that deepened the divisions between the western church and the eastern one?
1) questions of church discipline: western practice of eating meat that had been killed by strangulation and fasting on Saturdays
2) Clerical practices: Eastern clergy beneath the rank of bishop were permitted to be married whereas in the West a rule of celibacy was imposed on all clergy
3) Liturgical practices: The western churches omitted the “alleluia” during Lent and used unleavened bread in the eucharist, where in the East the “alleluia” was retained and only leavened bread was used in the eucharist
4) Filioque…
What is often cited as the final break between Christendom’s East and West?
Cardinal Humbert’s excommunication of the patriarch Michael Cerularius, and the patriarch’s excommunication of the envoys in return in 1054
What did the Turkish forces do after taking Jerusalem that played a significant part in Pope Urban II’s decision to call for the crusade?
They began restricting Christian pilgrims to the city.
