3) Ocular Flashcards
What is the class for Acetylcholine (Miochol)
Direct muscarinic agonist
What is the mechanism for Acetylcholine (Miochol)
Pupillary constriction
What are the therapeutics for Acetylcholine (Miochol)
Used in cataract surgery to constrict pupil intraoperatively
What are the other side effects for Acetylcholine (Miochol)
Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating
What is the class for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)
Direct muscarinic agonist
What is the mechanism for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)
Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow
What are the therapeutics for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)
Treatment of glaucoma (both open angle and acute closed angle); used less today due to side effects
What are the important side effects for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)
Decreased vision when patient has cataracts due to miosis and headache
What are the other side effects for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)
Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating
What are the miscellaneous for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)
Requires frequent dosage QID
What is the class for Carbachol
Direct muscarinic agonist
What is the mechanism for Carbachol
Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow
What are the therapeutics for Carbachol
Treatment of glaucoma; used less today due to topical side effects
What are the important side effects for Carbachol
Decreased vision due to miosis and headache
What are the other side effects for Carbachol
Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating
What is the class for Echothiophate iodide (Phospholine iodide)
Indirect muscarinic agonist
What is the mechanism for Echothiophate iodide (Phospholine iodide)
Irreversibly binds cholinesterase
What are the therapeutics for Echothiophate iodide (Phospholine iodide)
Treatment of glaucoma; used less today due to topical side effects
What are the other side effects for Echothiophate iodide (Phospholine iodide)
Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating
What is the class for Atropine
Antimuscarinic
What is the mechanism for Atropine
Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
What are the therapeutics for Atropine
Improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
What are the other side effects for Atropine
Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention
What are the miscellaneous for Atropine
Very long acting so not used unless severe inflammation
What is the class for Scopolamine
Antimuscarinic
What is the mechanism for Scopolamine
Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
What are the therapeutics for Scopolamine
Improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
What are the other side effects for Scopolamine
Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention
What is the class for Homatropine
Antimuscarinic
What is the mechanism for Homatropine
Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
What are the therapeutics for Homatropine
Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
What are the other side effects for Homatropine
Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention
What is the class for Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
Antimuscarinic
What is the mechanism for Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
What are the therapeutics for Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
What are the other side effects for Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention
What is the class for Tropicamide (Mydriacyl)
Antimuscarinic
What is the mechanism for Tropicamide (Mydriacyl)
Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
What are the therapeutics for Tropicamide (Mydriacyl)
Most commonly used cycloplegia for eye exams
What are the other side effects for Tropicamide (Mydriacyl)
Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention
What is the class for Edrophonium (Enlon)
Nm agonist
What is the mechanism for Edrophonium (Enlon)
Destroys acetylcholinesterase
What are the therapeutics for Edrophonium (Enlon)
Diagnose myasthenia gravis
What is the class for Ephinephrine
Direct adrenergic agonist
What is the mechanism for Ephinephrine
Dilation of episcleral vessels –> increased aqueous outflow
What are the other side effects for Ephinephrine
Extrasystoles, palpitation, hypertension, myocardial infarction, trembling, paleness, sweating
What is the class for Dipivefrin HCl (Propine)
Direct adrenergic agonist
What is the mechanism for Dipivefrin HCl (Propine)
Prodrug of epinpehrine
What are the therapeutics for Dipivefrin HCl (Propine)
Treatment of glaucoma
What is the class for Hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine)
Indirect adrenergic agonist
What is the mechanism for Hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine)
Release NE
What are the therapeutics for Hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine)
Separates 1st and 2nd from 3rd order neuron dysfunction in Horner’s syndrome; positive dilation means 1st or 2nd order, an ominous sign
What is the class for Cocaine
Indirect adrenergic agonist
What is the mechanism for Cocaine
Prevent reuptake of NE
What are the therapeutics for Cocaine
Use initially to confirm diagnosis of Horner’s Syndrome
What is the class for Apraclonidine (Iopidine)
Direct ?-agonist
What is the mechanism for Apraclonidine (Iopidine)
Amino derivative of clonidine; does not cross blood-brain barrier –> minimal effect on systemic blood pressure
What are the therapeutics for Apraclonidine (Iopidine)
Treatment of open angle glaucoma
What is the class for Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
Direct ?1-agonist
What are the therapeutics for Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
Dilate pupil for eye exam and cataract surgery
What are the other side effects for Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
Extrasystoles, palpitation, hypertension, myocardial infarction, trembling, paleness, sweating
What are the miscellaneous for Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
Caution in elderly patients: at 10% can cause cardiac side effects
What is the class for Clonidine (Catapres)
Direct ?2-agonist
What is the mechanism for Clonidine (Catapres)
Lowers intraocular pressure through central nervous system effects
What is the class for Brimondine tartrate (Alphagan)
Direct ?2-agonist
What is the mechanism for Brimondine tartrate (Alphagan)
Suppresses aqueous humor production through action of cAMP in non-pigmented ciliary epithelium
What are the therapeutics for Brimondine tartrate (Alphagan)
Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma
What are the miscellaneous for Brimondine tartrate (Alphagan)
May cause follicular conjunctivitis; use with MAOi can cause fatigue/drowsiness
What is the class for Dapiprazole
?-antagonist
What is the mechanism for Dapiprazole
Blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors in smooth dilator muscle of iris
What are the therapeutics for Dapiprazole
Reverses tropicamide, phenylephrine
What are the miscellaneous for Dapiprazole
Not currently available
What is the class for Tamsulosin (Flomax)
?1-antagonist
What is the mechanism for Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Antagonist
What are the therapeutics for Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Prostate hypertrophy
What are the important side effects for Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Floppy iris syndrome
What are the miscellaneous for Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Blocks iris dilator muscle, making cataract surgery much more difficult and with a much higher incidence of complications
What is the class for Timolol (Timoptic)
?-blocker
What is the mechanism for Timolol (Timoptic)
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process
What are the therapeutics for Timolol (Timoptic)
Second line treatment of glaucoma
What are the other side effects for Timolol (Timoptic)
Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression, fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia
What are the miscellaneous for Timolol (Timoptic)
Contraindicated in CHF, asthma; bradycardia over time may produce tachyphylaxis
What is the class for Levobunolol (Betagan)
?-blocker
What is the mechanism for Levobunolol (Betagan)
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process
What are the therapeutics for Levobunolol (Betagan)
Second line treatment of glaucoma
What are the other side effects for Levobunolol (Betagan)
Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression, fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia
What is the class for Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
?-blocker
What is the mechanism for Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
Non-selective ?1+2 blocker without significant intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (weak membrane stabilization, weak mycoardial depressant)
What are the therapeutics for Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
Second line treatment of glaucoma
What are the other side effects for Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression, fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia
What are the miscellaneous for Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
Only b-blocker that doesn’t follow the rule
What is the class for Carteolol (Ocupress)
?-blocker
What is the mechanism for Carteolol (Ocupress)
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process
What are the therapeutics for Carteolol (Ocupress)
Second line treatment of glaucoma
What are the other side effects for Carteolol (Ocupress)
Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression, fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia
What is the class for Betaxolol (Betoptic)
?1-blocker
What is the mechanism for Betaxolol (Betoptic)
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process
What are the therapeutics for Betaxolol (Betoptic)
Second line treatment of glaucoma
What is the class for Latanoprast (Xalatan)
Prostaglandin analog
What is the mechanism for Latanoprast (Xalatan)
Increase uveoscleral outflow
What are the therapeutics for Latanoprast (Xalatan)
Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma
What are the important side effects for Latanoprast (Xalatan)
Eyelash growth, change in iris color, intraocular inflammation
What are the miscellaneous for Latanoprast (Xalatan)
May cause cystoid macular edema in cataract surgery and activate herpes
What is the class for Travoprost (Travatan)
Prostaglandin analog
What is the mechanism for Travoprost (Travatan)
Increase uveoscleral outflow
What are the therapeutics for Travoprost (Travatan)
Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma
What are the important side effects for Travoprost (Travatan)
Eyelash growth, change in iris color
What are the miscellaneous for Travoprost (Travatan)
May cause cystoid macular edema in cataract surgery; more effective in African Americans
What is the class for Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
Prostaglandin analog
What is the mechanism for Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
Increase uveoscleral outflow
What are the therapeutics for Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma
What are the important side effects for Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
Eyelash growth, change in iris color
What are the miscellaneous for Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
May cause cystoid macular edema in cataract surgery and activate herpes
What is the class for Unoprostone isopryl (Rescula)
Prostaglandin analog
What is the mechanism for Unoprostone isopryl (Rescula)
Increase uveoscleral outflow
What are the therapeutics for Unoprostone isopryl (Rescula)
Glaucoma
What are the important side effects for Unoprostone isopryl (Rescula)
Eyelash growth, change in iris color
What are the miscellaneous for Unoprostone isopryl (Rescula)
Least effective overall
What is the class for Nifedipine (Procardia)
Ca-channel blocker
What is the mechanism for Nifedipine (Procardia)
Increases ocular perfusion at nervehead
What are the therapeutics for Nifedipine (Procardia)
May aid in treatment of glaucoma by systemic medications; not widely used
What is the class for Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
What is the mechanism for Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt)
Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump
What are the therapeutics for Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt)
Second line glaucoma therapy
What are the other side effects for Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt)
Red eyes, lid allergies
What are the miscellaneous for Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt)
Contraindicated in sulfonamide allergies
What is the class for Acetazolamide (Diamox)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
What is the mechanism for Acetazolamide (Diamox)
Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump
What are the therapeutics for Acetazolamide (Diamox)
Oral agent used for advanced glaucoma and with cataract surgery
What is the class for Brinzolamide (Azopt)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
What is the mechanism for Brinzolamide (Azopt)
Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump
What are the therapeutics for Brinzolamide (Azopt)
Second line glaucoma therapy
What are the other side effects for Brinzolamide (Azopt)
Red eyes, lid allergies