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Pharm U3 > 3) Ocular > Flashcards

3) Ocular Flashcards

1
Q

What is the class for Acetylcholine (Miochol)

A

Direct muscarinic agonist

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2
Q

What is the mechanism for Acetylcholine (Miochol)

A

Pupillary constriction

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3
Q

What are the therapeutics for Acetylcholine (Miochol)

A

Used in cataract surgery to constrict pupil intraoperatively

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4
Q

What are the other side effects for Acetylcholine (Miochol)

A

Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating

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5
Q

What is the class for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)

A

Direct muscarinic agonist

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6
Q

What is the mechanism for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)

A

Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow

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7
Q

What are the therapeutics for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)

A

Treatment of glaucoma (both open angle and acute closed angle); used less today due to side effects

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8
Q

What are the important side effects for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)

A

Decreased vision when patient has cataracts due to miosis and headache

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9
Q

What are the other side effects for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)

A

Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating

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10
Q

What are the miscellaneous for Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)

A

Requires frequent dosage QID

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11
Q

What is the class for Carbachol

A

Direct muscarinic agonist

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12
Q

What is the mechanism for Carbachol

A

Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow

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13
Q

What are the therapeutics for Carbachol

A

Treatment of glaucoma; used less today due to topical side effects

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14
Q

What are the important side effects for Carbachol

A

Decreased vision due to miosis and headache

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15
Q

What are the other side effects for Carbachol

A

Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating

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16
Q

What is the class for Echothiophate iodide (Phospholine iodide)

A

Indirect muscarinic agonist

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17
Q

What is the mechanism for Echothiophate iodide (Phospholine iodide)

A

Irreversibly binds cholinesterase

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18
Q

What are the therapeutics for Echothiophate iodide (Phospholine iodide)

A

Treatment of glaucoma; used less today due to topical side effects

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19
Q

What are the other side effects for Echothiophate iodide (Phospholine iodide)

A

Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating

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20
Q

What is the class for Atropine

A

Antimuscarinic

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21
Q

What is the mechanism for Atropine

A

Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body

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22
Q

What are the therapeutics for Atropine

A

Improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)

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23
Q

What are the other side effects for Atropine

A

Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention

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24
Q

What are the miscellaneous for Atropine

A

Very long acting so not used unless severe inflammation

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25
What is the class for Scopolamine
Antimuscarinic
26
What is the mechanism for Scopolamine
Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
27
What are the therapeutics for Scopolamine
Improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
28
What are the other side effects for Scopolamine
Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention
29
What is the class for Homatropine
Antimuscarinic
30
What is the mechanism for Homatropine
Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
31
What are the therapeutics for Homatropine
Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
32
What are the other side effects for Homatropine
Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention
33
What is the class for Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
Antimuscarinic
34
What is the mechanism for Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
35
What are the therapeutics for Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
36
What are the other side effects for Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention
37
What is the class for Tropicamide (Mydriacyl)
Antimuscarinic
38
What is the mechanism for Tropicamide (Mydriacyl)
Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
39
What are the therapeutics for Tropicamide (Mydriacyl)
Most commonly used cycloplegia for eye exams
40
What are the other side effects for Tropicamide (Mydriacyl)
Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary retention
41
What is the class for Edrophonium (Enlon)
Nm agonist
42
What is the mechanism for Edrophonium (Enlon)
Destroys acetylcholinesterase
43
What are the therapeutics for Edrophonium (Enlon)
Diagnose myasthenia gravis
44
What is the class for Ephinephrine
Direct adrenergic agonist
45
What is the mechanism for Ephinephrine
Dilation of episcleral vessels --> increased aqueous outflow
46
What are the other side effects for Ephinephrine
Extrasystoles, palpitation, hypertension, myocardial infarction, trembling, paleness, sweating
47
What is the class for Dipivefrin HCl (Propine)
Direct adrenergic agonist
48
What is the mechanism for Dipivefrin HCl (Propine)
Prodrug of epinpehrine
49
What are the therapeutics for Dipivefrin HCl (Propine)
Treatment of glaucoma
50
What is the class for Hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine)
Indirect adrenergic agonist
51
What is the mechanism for Hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine)
Release NE
52
What are the therapeutics for Hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine)
Separates 1st and 2nd from 3rd order neuron dysfunction in Horner's syndrome; positive dilation means 1st or 2nd order, an ominous sign
53
What is the class for Cocaine
Indirect adrenergic agonist
54
What is the mechanism for Cocaine
Prevent reuptake of NE
55
What are the therapeutics for Cocaine
Use initially to confirm diagnosis of Horner's Syndrome
56
What is the class for Apraclonidine (Iopidine)
Direct ?-agonist
57
What is the mechanism for Apraclonidine (Iopidine)
Amino derivative of clonidine; does not cross blood-brain barrier --> minimal effect on systemic blood pressure
58
What are the therapeutics for Apraclonidine (Iopidine)
Treatment of open angle glaucoma
59
What is the class for Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
Direct ?1-agonist
60
What are the therapeutics for Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
Dilate pupil for eye exam and cataract surgery
61
What are the other side effects for Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
Extrasystoles, palpitation, hypertension, myocardial infarction, trembling, paleness, sweating
62
What are the miscellaneous for Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
Caution in elderly patients: at 10% can cause cardiac side effects
63
What is the class for Clonidine (Catapres)
Direct ?2-agonist
64
What is the mechanism for Clonidine (Catapres)
Lowers intraocular pressure through central nervous system effects
65
What is the class for Brimondine tartrate (Alphagan)
Direct ?2-agonist
66
What is the mechanism for Brimondine tartrate (Alphagan)
Suppresses aqueous humor production through action of cAMP in non-pigmented ciliary epithelium
67
What are the therapeutics for Brimondine tartrate (Alphagan)
Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma
68
What are the miscellaneous for Brimondine tartrate (Alphagan)
May cause follicular conjunctivitis; use with MAOi can cause fatigue/drowsiness
69
What is the class for Dapiprazole
?-antagonist
70
What is the mechanism for Dapiprazole
Blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors in smooth dilator muscle of iris
71
What are the therapeutics for Dapiprazole
Reverses tropicamide, phenylephrine
72
What are the miscellaneous for Dapiprazole
Not currently available
73
What is the class for Tamsulosin (Flomax)
?1-antagonist
74
What is the mechanism for Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Antagonist
75
What are the therapeutics for Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Prostate hypertrophy
76
What are the important side effects for Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Floppy iris syndrome
77
What are the miscellaneous for Tamsulosin (Flomax)
Blocks iris dilator muscle, making cataract surgery much more difficult and with a much higher incidence of complications
78
What is the class for Timolol (Timoptic)
?-blocker
79
What is the mechanism for Timolol (Timoptic)
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process
80
What are the therapeutics for Timolol (Timoptic)
Second line treatment of glaucoma
81
What are the other side effects for Timolol (Timoptic)
Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression, fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia
82
What are the miscellaneous for Timolol (Timoptic)
Contraindicated in CHF, asthma; bradycardia over time may produce tachyphylaxis
83
What is the class for Levobunolol (Betagan)
?-blocker
84
What is the mechanism for Levobunolol (Betagan)
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process
85
What are the therapeutics for Levobunolol (Betagan)
Second line treatment of glaucoma
86
What are the other side effects for Levobunolol (Betagan)
Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression, fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia
87
What is the class for Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
?-blocker
88
What is the mechanism for Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
Non-selective ?1+2 blocker without significant intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (weak membrane stabilization, weak mycoardial depressant)
89
What are the therapeutics for Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
Second line treatment of glaucoma
90
What are the other side effects for Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression, fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia
91
What are the miscellaneous for Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
Only b-blocker that doesn't follow the rule
92
What is the class for Carteolol (Ocupress)
?-blocker
93
What is the mechanism for Carteolol (Ocupress)
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process
94
What are the therapeutics for Carteolol (Ocupress)
Second line treatment of glaucoma
95
What are the other side effects for Carteolol (Ocupress)
Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression, fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia
96
What is the class for Betaxolol (Betoptic)
?1-blocker
97
What is the mechanism for Betaxolol (Betoptic)
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process
98
What are the therapeutics for Betaxolol (Betoptic)
Second line treatment of glaucoma
99
What is the class for Latanoprast (Xalatan)
Prostaglandin analog
100
What is the mechanism for Latanoprast (Xalatan)
Increase uveoscleral outflow
101
What are the therapeutics for Latanoprast (Xalatan)
Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma
102
What are the important side effects for Latanoprast (Xalatan)
Eyelash growth, change in iris color, intraocular inflammation
103
What are the miscellaneous for Latanoprast (Xalatan)
May cause cystoid macular edema in cataract surgery and activate herpes
104
What is the class for Travoprost (Travatan)
Prostaglandin analog
105
What is the mechanism for Travoprost (Travatan)
Increase uveoscleral outflow
106
What are the therapeutics for Travoprost (Travatan)
Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma
107
What are the important side effects for Travoprost (Travatan)
Eyelash growth, change in iris color
108
What are the miscellaneous for Travoprost (Travatan)
May cause cystoid macular edema in cataract surgery; more effective in African Americans
109
What is the class for Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
Prostaglandin analog
110
What is the mechanism for Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
Increase uveoscleral outflow
111
What are the therapeutics for Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
Primary agent for treatment of glaucoma
112
What are the important side effects for Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
Eyelash growth, change in iris color
113
What are the miscellaneous for Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
May cause cystoid macular edema in cataract surgery and activate herpes
114
What is the class for Unoprostone isopryl (Rescula)
Prostaglandin analog
115
What is the mechanism for Unoprostone isopryl (Rescula)
Increase uveoscleral outflow
116
What are the therapeutics for Unoprostone isopryl (Rescula)
Glaucoma
117
What are the important side effects for Unoprostone isopryl (Rescula)
Eyelash growth, change in iris color
118
What are the miscellaneous for Unoprostone isopryl (Rescula)
Least effective overall
119
What is the class for Nifedipine (Procardia)
Ca-channel blocker
120
What is the mechanism for Nifedipine (Procardia)
Increases ocular perfusion at nervehead
121
What are the therapeutics for Nifedipine (Procardia)
May aid in treatment of glaucoma by systemic medications; not widely used
122
What is the class for Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
123
What is the mechanism for Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt)
Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump
124
What are the therapeutics for Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt)
Second line glaucoma therapy
125
What are the other side effects for Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt)
Red eyes, lid allergies
126
What are the miscellaneous for Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt)
Contraindicated in sulfonamide allergies
127
What is the class for Acetazolamide (Diamox)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
128
What is the mechanism for Acetazolamide (Diamox)
Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump
129
What are the therapeutics for Acetazolamide (Diamox)
Oral agent used for advanced glaucoma and with cataract surgery
130
What is the class for Brinzolamide (Azopt)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
131
What is the mechanism for Brinzolamide (Azopt)
Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump
132
What are the therapeutics for Brinzolamide (Azopt)
Second line glaucoma therapy
133
What are the other side effects for Brinzolamide (Azopt)
Red eyes, lid allergies

Pharm U3 (13 decks)

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