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Biology > 3. Mammal Gas Exchange > Flashcards

3. Mammal Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What membranes surround the lungs?

A

Pleural membranes

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2
Q

Where is the pleural fluid?

A

In the pleural cavity (space between ribs & lungs)

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3
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air into & out of the lungs in 2 stages: inspiration & expiration.

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4
Q

What is ventilation controlled by?

A

Movement of the diaphragm and ribcage

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5
Q

Why do we breathe out CO2?

A

CO2 is acidic (dissolves to form carbonic acid) so lowers blood pH: not optimal for enzymes

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6
Q

2 reasons for C-shaped cartilage rings in trachea

A
  1. Prevents kinking

2. Keeps airways open no matter what you do/which way you twist your neck

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7
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

Smooth muscle & elastic tissue - allows constriction & recoil respectively

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8
Q

Why are the cartilage rings in the trachea in gaps?

A

Maintains flexibility

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9
Q

What produces mucus?

A

Goblet cells

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10
Q

What do the cilia in the trachea do?

A

They waft mucus up & away from the lungs.

Either cough it out or swallow it: stomach acid will kill bacteria

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11
Q

What effect does cigarette smoke have on the cilia?

A

Cilia get paralysed

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12
Q

3 features of lungs that make it efficient for gas exchange

A
  1. Large SA
  2. Short diffusion distance
  3. Steep conc gradient
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13
Q

Epithelium definition

A

Cells that line the exterior surface of the body and body tubes that exchange materials with the external environment, such as the digestive & respiratory tracts

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14
Q

How many membranes must an oxygen molecule pass through in order to enter an erythrocyte?

A

5!

Alveoli & capillaries are one cell thick. There is also one membrane to pass through in the RBC.

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15
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A
  • A single layer of cells form the walls of an alveolus
  • Extremely thin: short diffusion distance
  • Permeable: aids diffusion
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16
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A
  • Secrete fluid to moisten the inner surface of the alveolus to reduce tension
  • Fluid aids diffusion of gases
  • Fluid contains surfactant to prevent the walls sticking together - maintains the lumen
  • Can divide to form type I pneumocytes: repair damage
17
Q

What are there more of: type I or type II pneumocytes?

A

Type I

18
Q

Fick’s Law

A

Rate of diffusion is proportional to both SA & conc difference, but inversely proportional to membrane thickness (distance)

19
Q

How is a large surface area achieved in mammal gas exchange systems?

A

Huge number of very small alveoli

20
Q

How is a short diffusion distance achieved in mammal gas exchange systems?

A
  1. Alveolar wall epithelial cells are flattened, with only a thin layer of cytoplasm between their cell surface membranes
  2. Alveoli covered with a network of blood capillaries which also have very thin endothelial cells
  3. RBCs touch the walls of the capillaries as they pass through
21
Q

How is a steep concentration gradient achieved in mammal gas exchange systems?

A
  1. Ventilation of the lungs

2. Blood constantly flowing through the capillaries

22
Q

Steps of inhalation

A
  1. Abdominal muscles relax
  2. Diaphragm contracts & flattens/moves downwards
  3. Internal intercostal muscles relax
  4. External intercostal muscles contract
  5. Ribcage moves up & out
  6. Volume increases
  7. Pressure decreases so air is drawn inwards
23
Q

Steps of exhalation

A
  1. Abdominal muscles contract, pushing the diaphragm up
  2. Diaphragm relaxes & returns to its dome shape
  3. Internal intercostal muscles contract
  4. External intercostal muscles relax
  5. Ribcage moves down & inwards
  6. Volume decreases
  7. Pressure increases so air moves outwards
24
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Resting breathing rate

The volume of one breath (measured in dm cubed)

25
Q

Equation for pulmonary ventilation

A

Ventilation rate x tidal volume

26
Q

What is ventilation rate?

A

Number of breaths per minute

27
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Volume of air breathed per minute

28
Q

Why doesn’t correlation always mean causation?

A

Another factor may be responsible

29
Q

Define “directly proportional”

A

A change in one variable is accompanied by a constant multiplier change in the other variable

30
Q

Examples of lung disease

A

Lung cancer
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
COPD

31
Q

Risk factors for lung disease

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Air pollution
  3. Genetics
  4. Infections
  5. Occupation

Biology (42 decks)

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