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Biology > 2. Cell Cycle & Mitosis > Flashcards

2. Cell Cycle & Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

3 phases of the cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis
  3. Cytokinesis
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2
Q

In a nutshell, what happens in interphase?

A

Cell prepares for mitosis whilst also carrying out its normal cell functions

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3
Q

In a nutshell, what happens in mitosis?

A

Division of the nucleus (aka. nuclear division)

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4
Q

In a nutshell, what happens in cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle is the longest?

A

Interphase

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6
Q

Rather than dividing, what does the cell do in interphase?

A

Normal cell activities e.g. respiration, protein synthesis.

Very metabolically active

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7
Q

What happens in G1?

A

Organelle synthesis

Cytoplasm increases in volume

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8
Q

What happens in the S phase?

A

Semi-conservative DNA replication: chromosomes replicated to form chromatids and new histones are synthesised

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9
Q

What happens in G2?

A

Further synthesis of proteins & organelles.

Preparation for mitosis (replicated DNA checked for errors & corrected if necessary)

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10
Q

Which cells in the human body divide the fastest?

A

Hair follicle cells
Skin cells
Bone marrow cells

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11
Q

Which cells in the human body divide the slowest?

A

Nerve cells - they don’t replicate!

Almost like they are in constant interphase

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12
Q

What is a homologous pair of chromosomes?

A

Pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes but potentially different alleles

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13
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA when it is not wound up tightly as a chromosome

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14
Q

Purposes of mitosis

A

Growth

To replace damaged or worn out cells

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15
Q

Two things mitosis is affected by

A

The environment of the cell

Growth factors

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16
Q

Which two genes regulate mitosis?

A

Proto-oncogenes

Tumour suppressor genes

17
Q

In cancer, what is the uncontrolled cell growth and division caused by?

A

Damage to the genes that control mitosis and the cell cycle

18
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The process whereby a tumour in one part of the body spreads via the bloodstream to other parts of the body

19
Q

What do proto-oncogenes do in terms of controlling the cell cycle?

A

They speed it up

Like the fuel/gas of a car

20
Q

What do tumour suppressor genes do in terms of controlling the cell cycle?

A

They slow it down

Like the brakes of a car

21
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

A mutated proto-oncogene working too much or too fast

22
Q

What are the main treatments for cancer?

A

Surgery (to remove the tumour)
Radiotherapy - radiation damages the DNA of cells in the tumour
Chemotherapy

23
Q

What are some examples of chemotherapy?

A

Blocking enzymes involved in DNA replication
Preventing DNA unwinding
Inhibiting synthesis of new nucleotides
Preventing development of the spindle

24
Q

Side effects of chemotherapy include…

A

Hair loss

Severe nausea: cells in digestive system divide rapidly

25
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

Another newer type of cancer treatment

Essentially getting the immune system to recognise abnormal cells & kill them

26
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Genetically identical daughter cells

27
Q

What are the 3 processes in living things that require mitosis?

A

Growth
Repair
Asexual reproduction

28
Q

Stages of mitosis in order

A 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
(PMAT)
29
Q

Prophase

A
  1. Chromosomes condense/supercoil
  2. Centrioles migrate to opposite ends/poles of the cell
  3. Microtubules start to develop from each centriole with some spanning the cell from pole to pole - these are spindle fibres
  4. Nuclear membrane breaks down
30
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator & attach to certain spindle fibres at their centromeres

31
Q

Anaphase

A

The chromosomes (sister chromatids) split apart at the centromere as they are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibres

32
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle fibres break down & a new nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromsomes

33
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cell constricts inwards from its middle until the cell physically splits into two separate cells

34
Q

Why is telophase/cytokinesis in plant cells different from animal cells?

A

There is a cell wall!

35
Q

What happens in telophase of plant cells?

A

Vesicles filled with cell wall components separate the two halves of the cell and fuse to form a growing cell plate (see Onenote)

Biology (42 decks)

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