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PATH3308 > 3. Human Embryonic Stem Cells - Isolation, Regulation and Ethics > Flashcards

3. Human Embryonic Stem Cells - Isolation, Regulation and Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A single cell that can give rise to a progeny that differentiate into any of the specialized cells of embryonic or adult tissues. They are totipotent They can self renew

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2
Q

Are stem cells totipotent?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Are stem cells able to self renew?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What is symmetrical division?

A

When stem cells divide and give rise to identical daughter cells

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5
Q

What is asymmetrical division?

A

When stem cells differentiate into lineage-specific somatic (adult) cells

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6
Q

What is the primary biological property of a stem cell?

A

It can self renew

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7
Q

What are stem cell markers?

A

Stro-1

CD146

Alpha-smooth muscle actin

Oct 4 (Octamer- binding transcription factor 4)

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8
Q

What is genomic imprinting?

A

Allows constant rounds of proliferation without differentiation

Epigenetic system that determine monoallelic expression of a subset of genes according to parent of origin

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9
Q

What are the different types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic

Germinal

Nuclear Transfer Somatic Cell (NTSc)

Somatic progenitor cells / Adult Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)

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10
Q

Where do embryonic stem cells originate?

A

Pre-implantation blastocyst

Can proliferate indefinitely

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11
Q

Where do germinal stem cells originate?

A

Early embryogenesis

Slightly restricted

Self renew

Removed from germ layer

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12
Q

What are Nuclear transfer Somatic Cells?

A

Reprogrammed adult somatic cells

Somatic cell nucleus transferred to oocyte

Stimulated

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13
Q

What are somatic progenitor cells / Adult stem cells?

A

Cells of a normal adult organ always replaced by progenitor cells or “transit - amplifying cells”

E.g. Bone marrow, MSCs etc

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14
Q

What are Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)?

A

Reprogrammed adult somatic cells

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15
Q

What are Embryoncal carcinoma cells?

A

Cells of teratocarcinomas derived from sponatneous gonadal tumours in 1970

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16
Q

What are Embryonic germ cells?

A

Isolated from pluripotent cells of preimplantation embryos or primordial germ cells

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17
Q

What are embryonic stem cells (hES)?

A

Derived from donated excess IVF embryos

Or

Pathogenetic activation of stem cells in inner cell mass

18
Q

What are trohpoblast stem cells?

A

Isolated from trophectoderm cell linage

Restricted potential

19
Q

From where are embryonic stem cells derived?

A

Inner cell mass of blastocyst (ICM)

They are pluripotent

20
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A

A cell is capable of differentiating into any cell/lineage (ecto, meso and endoderm)

21
Q

What potency is the zygote?

A

Totipotent

Basically batman, can do anything

22
Q

What does stemness mean?

A

Essential characteristic of stem cells that distinguishs it from other cells

Self renewel

Multilineage potential

23
Q

What are stemness-related genes?

A

Genes acitvely involved in control of SC properties

24
Q

Why are adult stem cells sorta shit?

A

Some stemness genes are lost

25
Q

How were stemness genes first discovered?

A

Systematic transcipriptional profiling of mouse ESCs, compared to Neural SC and Haemopoetic SCs

26
Q

What controls the stem cell state?

A

Small number of “core” transcriptional factors

27
Q

What genes govern ESCs pluripotency?

A

Oct4

Sox2

Nanog

28
Q

What does Oct4 do?

A

Functions as heterodimer with Sox2

29
Q

What does Nanog do?

A

Promotes undifferentiated cell state

Co-occupies sites in genome with Oct4 and Sox2

30
Q

What does reprogramming of a Somatic Cell by nueclear transfer etnail?

A

Adult Somatic Cells have their nucleus transferred to an oocyte

31
Q

How was the sheep dolly made?

A

Via SCNT

Late 90s

32
Q

What is the process for SCNT cloning?

A
  1. Cells from donor are grown
  2. Revmoval of DNA from egg
  3. Donor cell placed next to empty ovum, small current allows fusion
  4. Ovum is tricked, thinking its been fertilized
  5. Embryo implanted
33
Q

What other examples of cloning have there been?

A

Rhesus monkey “Tetra”

Family of pigs

Mira the Goat

Copy cat

Snuppy, south Korea

34
Q

Who discovered Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells?

A

Shinya Yamanaka (UofKJ)

John. B Gurdon

35
Q

What are induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)?

A

Reprogramming of fibroblasts into pluripotent ES-cell-like state

36
Q

What transcription factors are “forced” in iPS and what are these factors called?

A

They are called Yamanaka or SKOM factors

Sox2

Klf4

Oct4

c-myc (transcriptional regulator)

37
Q

What do you want to convert a fibroblast to in regards to iPSCs?

A

An intermediate epithelial cell via MET

38
Q

How is EMT repressed in the reprogramming of iPSCs?

A

Stemness factors

Sox2/Oct4 - supress snail

**c-myc - **downregulates TGFB

Klf4 - induced expression of E-cadherin, decrease snail

39
Q

Some ethical issues associated with ES research?

A

Creation of life for destruction

Concern over SCNT for cloning humans

Concern over exploitation of women for eggs

40
Q

What body is stem cell research governed by in au?

A

NHMRC

National Health and Medical Research Council

41
Q

What are the pros or potential useso of iPS?

A

Regenerative medicine

Cloning

Organi cloning

42
Q

What are some of the safety concerns associated with iPS?

A

Potential formation of teratomas on transplantation

Tumorigenesis

Aberrant reprogramming

Immunorejection

PATH3308 (21 decks)

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