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PATH3308 > 2. Cell and Extra-cellular matrix during the morphogenesis of tissue and Organs > Flashcards

2. Cell and Extra-cellular matrix during the morphogenesis of tissue and Organs Flashcards

1
Q

How does morphogenesis of tissues and organs start?

A

Cell-and-matrix molecule interactions

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2
Q

Morphogenesis is dependent on…

A
  1. Changes in cell shape 2. Oriented cell division 3. Cells exchanging their neighbors
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3
Q

What are some things the embryonic ectoderm gives rise to?

A

Epidermis Nervous System Retina of the Eye

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4
Q

What are some things the embryonic endoderm gives rise to?

A

Endothelial linings

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5
Q

What are some things the embryonic mesoderm gives rise to?

A

Smooth muscular coats CT Vessels Cardiovascular system Blood Bone marrow Repro and excretory organs

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6
Q

In what week does organ-genetic period of development begin?

A

3rd Week (5 weeks after day of last normal menstrual period)

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7
Q

What are the three phases of organ-genetic period of embryonic development?

A
  1. Growth 2. Morphogenesis 3. Differentiation
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8
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A
  1. A complex interaction 2. Occurring in an order sequence - Cell movement - Cell transformation (EMT and MET) - Program cell death
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9
Q

When does the skin begin to develop?

A

4-5 weeks

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10
Q

Where is the epidermis derived and from where is the dermis derived?

A

Epidermis (melanocytes included) = Ectoderm Dermis = Mesoderm

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11
Q

At what week does cartilage begin to develop?

A

5th week

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12
Q

What is the process for the development of cartilage?

A
  1. Paraxial Mesoderm 2. Somites 3. Condensation of mesenchymal cells 4. Chondrification centres 5. Chondroblasts - Hyaline - Fibro - Elastic
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13
Q

What cell type has been shown to harbor positional identity?

A

The Blastema Cell

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14
Q

What are the two types of bone development?

A
  1. Intra-membranous ossification 2. intra-cartilaginous ossification (Endochondral Ossification)
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15
Q

Where does Intra-membranous ossification primarily occur?

A

Flat bones, e.g. Skull

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16
Q

Where does intra-cartilaginous ossification primarily occur?

A

In long bones

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17
Q

What is the process for Intra-membranous ossification?

A
  1. Membrane Sheath 2. Condensation of mesenchymal Cells 3. Vascularization 4. Osteoid Matrix deposition
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18
Q

What is the process for Intra-cartilagionous ossification? (Endochondral ossification)

A
  1. Condensation of mesenchymal cells 2. Cartilage tissue 3. Hypertrophic 4. Vascularization and osteoblast differentiation
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19
Q

At what week does development of skeletal muscle begin?

A

7th week

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20
Q

What is the process for the embryological development of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells in Myotome region of somites 2. Form myoblasts 3. These fuse to form Myotubes
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21
Q

At what week does smooth muscle begin developing?

A

7th Week

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22
Q

What is the process for embryological development of smooth muscle?

A

Same as that of skeletal muscle except for the cell origin 1. Mesenchymal cells = myoepithelial cells in glands - Somatic mesoderm = Smooth muscle in vessels - Splanchnic mesenchyme (located around endoderm) = Other 2. Form myoblasts 3. These fuse to form Myotubes Remain mononuclear

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23
Q

In what week does caridac muscle develop?

A

4th Week

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24
Q

From what does cardiac muscle develop?

A

Lateral splanchnic mesoderm

25
Q

From how many cells do cardiac muscle fibers arise?

A

Single cells

26
Q

In what week does the development of the PNS begin?

A

3/4th week

27
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Neural crest cells

28
Q

What does EMT stand for?

A

Epithelial - Mesenchymal transition (EMT)

29
Q

What is Epithelial - Mesenchymal transition?

A

Process where epithelial cells lose polarity and cell-cell adhesion,

Gain invasive and migratory properties to become MSCs

MSCs differentiate into many cell types

30
Q

What does MET stand for?

A

Mesenchymal - Epithelial Transition

31
Q

What does MET form?

A

Kidney, tubules

Nephrogenic blastema

Endocardium

Somites

32
Q

What is MET?

A

Mesenchymal-epithelial transition forms polarized epithelia from motile, multipolar mesenchymal cells

33
Q

What cadherin do Mesenchymal cells express?

A

N-Cadherin

34
Q

What cadherin do Epithelial cells express?

A

E-Cadherin

35
Q

What type of matrix proteins are there?

A
  1. Fibrous structural proteins
  2. Specialized proteins
  3. Proteoglycans
  4. Matrix degrading Enzymes
36
Q

What are some types of Fibrous Structural proteins?

A

Collagen

Laminis

Fibrinextin

Vitronectin

Elastin

37
Q

What are some types of specialized proteins?

A

Growth factors

Small matricellular proteins

Small integrin-binding glycoproteins

38
Q

What are some types of matrix degrading enzymes?

A

Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)

Serine protease

Cysterine protease

39
Q

What are the factors involved in cell and matrix molecule interactions?

A

Growth factors (BMP/TGFB, Wnt signalling)

Cell adhesion molecules

Cell-ECM interactions

Matrix molecules and their ligands

40
Q

What does BMP stand for and what is it?

A

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

It regulates:

  1. Cell type specification
  2. Maturation
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Chemotaxis
  5. Mitosis
  6. Differentiation
  7. Extracellular matrix production
41
Q

What does BMP (Bone morphogeneic protein/s) bind to?

A

Heparitin sulfate

Heparin

Type 4 Collagen

42
Q

BMP-2 K/O is?

A

Embryonic Lethal. Impacts Heart

43
Q

BMP-4 K/O causes?

A

No mesoderm induction

44
Q

BMP-7 K/O results in?

A

Kidney, eye development anomolies

45
Q

What functions do Cadherins form?

A

Mediate homophilic interaction during EMT/MET

46
Q

What occurs if N-cadherin is K/O?

A

Ill formed somites

Abnormal neural tubes

Loosely organised myocardium

no EMT

47
Q

What occurs if E-Cadherin is K/O?

A

No MET

Trophectoderm fails to form

Basolateral domain of epithelium

48
Q

What are cantenins?

A

They are cadherins partners found in complexes

Can be phosphorylated

Alpha and B cantenins

49
Q

Do cadherins work with integrins to achieve cell adhesion?

50
Q

Can integrins act as receptors?

51
Q

What is the structure of an integrin?

A

Heterodimeric trans membrane protein with aB subunits

52
Q

How many subtypes of integrins are there?

A

15 of a and 8 of B

53
Q

Which transmembrane receptor bridges cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and often consists of an Arginin-glycine-aspartate (RGD) sequence?

A

Integrins!

54
Q

What are semaphorins?

A

Secreted or membrane associated proteins characterized by conserved sema domain

Axonal guidance molecules that direct neuronal axons to appropriate targets

55
Q

What are some of hte physiological functions of semaphorins?

A

Cardiogenesis

Angiogenesis

Vasculogenesis

Tumour Metastasis

Immune Regulation

Osteoclastogenesis

56
Q

How many classes of semaphorins are there?

A

8 classes acting on 3 main receptors

Plexins (Most classes act on this receptor)

Neurophilins

Integrins

57
Q

What does remodelling involve?

A

Assembly/Degradation

58
Q

What does Regeneration involve?

A

Remodelling (Assembly > degradation) X Time

59
Q

What does Organogenesis involve?

A

Regeneration + EMT + MET

PATH3308 (21 decks)

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