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Histology > 3 - GI Tract > Flashcards

3 - GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

The GI tract is divided into what 4 layers?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitial layer (serosa)

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2
Q

The mucosa is made of what three layers?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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3
Q

The epithelium of the mucosa layer is primarily what?

A

Simple columnar

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4
Q

The lamina propria of the GI tract may contain _________, _______, or _________ in its CT

A

Glands
Lymphoid tissue
Blood vessels

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5
Q

The lamina propria of the mucosa has what type of CT?

A

Loose areolar

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6
Q

The muscularis mucosa is thin ________ and thin _________

A

Circular

Longitudinal

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7
Q

What does the muscularis mucosa do?

A

React to the movement of the lumen

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8
Q

The innermost layer of the GI tract is what?

A

Mucosa

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9
Q

What is the second layer of the GI tract?

A

Submucosa

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10
Q

The submucosa of the GI tract is made of __________ CT

A

Dense

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11
Q

Submucosa of the GI tract may contain ________ or _________

A

Glands lymphoid tissue

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12
Q

The submucosa of the GI tract is ________ than the mucosa layer

A

Stiffer

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13
Q

The __________ layer moves and expands

A

Mucosa

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14
Q

The 3rd later of the GI tract is made of an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle - what is it called?

A

Muscularis externa

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15
Q

The major source of smooth muscle of the GI tract that is used to move material throughout it is what layer?

A

Muscularis externa

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16
Q

The fourth layer of the GI tract that separates the tube from surrounding structures is what layer?

A

Adventitial layer

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17
Q

The adventitial layer contains what type of CT?

A

Loose

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18
Q

What may you find in the adventitial layer of GI tract?

A

Lots of blood vessels,
lymph vessels,
or adipose tissue

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19
Q

Where is the submucosal (Meissner’s) located?

A

Located in the submucosa

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20
Q

Where is the myenteric (Auerbach’s) found?

A

Between the layers of muscularis externa

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21
Q

What is the myenteric (Auerbachs) nerve plexus for?

A

Innervation of the smooth muscle (muscularis externa)

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22
Q

What does the submucosal (Meissners) innervate?

A

Muscularis mucosa

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23
Q

Both myenteric and submucosal belong to what nervous system

A

Autonomic

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24
Q

The esophagus extends from the ______ to _______

A

Throat to stomach

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25
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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26
Q

The lamina propria of the esophagus is _______ CT with _________, __________, and ___________

A

Loose
Collagen
Elastic fibers
Numerous lymphocytes

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27
Q

The esophageal glands are ________ secreting glands

A

Mucous

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28
Q

Muscularis mucosa of the esophagus is __________ __________ muscle with elastic fibers

A

Longitudinal smooth muscle

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29
Q

The submucosa of the esophagus contains ________ CT with _______ and _______ fibers that allow it to expand and contract

A

Dense

Collagen and elastic

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30
Q

In the submucosa of the esophagus, you will find ______ plexus and _______ secreting glands

A

Meisnner’s

Mucous

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31
Q

The upper 1/3 of the muscularis externa of the esophagus is _________ muscle

A

Skeletal

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32
Q

The lower 1/3 of the muscularis externa of the esophagus is _________ muscle

A

Smooth

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33
Q

The middle 1/3 of the muscularis externa of the esophagus is _________ muscle

A

Both skeletal and smooth

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34
Q

The adventitia of the esophagus is made of ________ CT that connects the esophagus to surrounding structures

A

Loose

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35
Q

Sphincter at the pharynx and esophagus

A

Pharyngeoesophageal

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36
Q

Sphincter at the stomach and esophagus

A

Gastroesophageal

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37
Q

Esophageal sphincters are ________ and not ________

A

Function/physiological

Anatomical/histological

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38
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

To mix food and gastric juices
Stores food
Digests food
Some absorption of water, drugs, alcohol

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39
Q

What are the regions of the stomach

A

Cardia
Body & Fundus
Pylorus

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40
Q

In the empty stomach, there are folds called what?

A

Rugae

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41
Q

The pyloric sphincter is a _______ sphincter

A

True

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42
Q

What does the polyoric sphincter control

A

Movement from stomach to small intestine

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43
Q

The incisive fissure separated _______ and _______

A

Body of the stomach and pylorus

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44
Q

The ______ extends above the esophagus and is usually just gas

A

Fundus

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45
Q

What is found on the surface epithelium of the stomach?

A

Gastric pits

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46
Q

_______ empty into the gastric pits of the stomach

A

Branched tubular glands

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47
Q

The lamina propria of the stomach is made of_________ CT with _______, ________, and _________

A

Loose
Lymphoid cells
Macrophages
Mast cells

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48
Q

The muscularis mucosa of the stomach has an inner layer of __________ _______ muscle and outer ________ _______ muscle

A

Circular smooth

Longitudinal smooth

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49
Q

The stomach is lined with what type of epithelium?

A

Simple columnar with short microvilli and glycocalyx

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50
Q

The epithelium of the stomach rests on the basal lamina and is held together by _______ _________

A

Tight junctions

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51
Q

The epithelial cells of the stomach are ________ secreting

A

Mucous

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52
Q

Stomach epithelial cells have a life span of _______ days

A

3

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53
Q

Stomach epithelial cells contain a ________ and little ______

A

Golgi complex

RER

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54
Q

The nucleus of epithelial cells of the stomach are located where?

A

The basal portion of the cell

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55
Q

The glands of the fundus of the stomach are what?

A

Simple branched tubular glands

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56
Q

What are the 4 cell types found in the fundus?

A

Chief cells
Parietal Cells
Mucous neck cells
APUD cells

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57
Q

Simple cuboidal cells in the lower 1/3 of the branched tubular gland of the fundus

A

Chief cells

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58
Q

Chief cells contain ________ in their course granules to break down ________

A

Pepsinogen

Amino acids

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59
Q

Large spherical wedges between chief cells are ________ cells

A

Parietal

60
Q

Parietal cells in the fundus secrete what?

A

HCl and gastric intrinsic factor

61
Q

Parietal cells of the fundus are intensely ______ with _____ nuclei

A

Acidophilic

1 or 2

62
Q

The anal canal represents the end of the ___________ epithelium and the beginning of ________ epithelium

A

Simple columnar

Stratified squamous

63
Q

The mucosa in the anal canal forms __________ ____, which are the rectal columns

A

Longitudinal folds are the rectal columns

64
Q

Lamina propria in the anal canal has ________

A

Very large veins

65
Q

In the anal canal the muscularis mucosa becomes ________

A

Incomplete

66
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Water reabsorption and mucous production

67
Q

The water absorption in the large intestine is passive as water flows with _____

A

Na+

68
Q

What is the mucosa of the large intestine consist of?

A

Smooth with NO folds and LACKS villi

69
Q

The lamina propria in the large intestine has ______

A

Lamina propria has many lymphoid cells

70
Q

What are the crypts in the large intestine densely packed with?

A

Many goblet cells

71
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosa of the large intestine

A

Well developed with inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers

72
Q

The submucosa in the large intestine is _________

A

Is loosely arranged with fat and no glands

73
Q

The muscularis externa of the large intestine has a complete layer of ___________ muscle and an incomplete layer of _______________ muscle

A

Complete layer of circular smooth muscle and an incomplete layer of longitudinal smooth muscle

74
Q

What forms the tenia coli of the large intestine?

A

Circular layer of smooth muscle and incomplete layer of longitudinal smooth muscle

75
Q

The serosa of the large intestine has ________ in it

A

Adipose tissue

76
Q

_________ is a blind evagination of the cecum

A

Appendix

77
Q

The appendix has mucosal crypts that have ________

A

Lymphoid tissue

78
Q

The epithelium of the appendix is ________ with a few goblet cells

A

Absorptive

79
Q

What cells are located at the base of the crypts in the appendix?

A

Paneth cells and APUD cells

80
Q

What is the submucosa like in the appendix?

A

Thick with adipose tissue present

81
Q

The muscularis of the appendix is _______ with no _______

A

Normal with no tenia coli

82
Q

What is present in the appendix that is important for B cell production?

A

GALT

83
Q

The appendix has no _____ but does have ______

A

Villi but does have Crypts of Liberkahn

84
Q

The jejunoileum has the same pattern as the duodenum but there is an increase in the number of ______ and ______

A

Goblet cells and lymphoid tissue

85
Q

Does the jejunoileum have Brunner’s glands?

A

NO there are no brunners glands in the jejunoileum

86
Q

In the jejunoileum, the lamina propria is made up of loose CT with ____________ tissue that form the core of the ______

A

Lymphoid tissue that forms the core of the villi

87
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa made up of in the jejunoileum

A

Made up of an inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

88
Q

The submucosa of the jejunoileum is a dense connective tissue with _______ fibers

A

Elastic fibers

89
Q

The lymphoid nodules make up the __________, which are made up of GALT and covered by M-cells

A

Peyers patches

90
Q

What are peyers patches made up of and what are they covered by?

A

GALT and covered by M cells

91
Q

The muscularis externa of the jejunoileum is made up of ________ and _______ smooth muscle

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal

92
Q

What is the duodenum’s mucosa epithelium composed of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium arranged in the pattern of the villi and crypts of Lieberkuhn

93
Q

What are the mucous glands called that are located in the submucosa of the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s glands

94
Q

_______ glands in the duodenum’s submucosa secrete an alkaline mucous that has a pH of 8.1- 9.9

A

Brunner’s glands

95
Q

The duodenum has a typical _______ and ______

A

Muscularis externa and adventitia

96
Q

The villi contain what two cell types on their surface?

A

Absorptive cells and APUD cells

97
Q

The villi’s lamina propria contains ________ for the absorption of fats, _______ for the absorption of carbs and proteins, and _______ for the rhythmic movement of the villi

A

Lymphatics
Blood vessels
Smooth muscle

98
Q

What is the function of villi?

A

Absorption

99
Q

________ cells are specialized epithelial cells that are found over the lymphoid nodules of peyers patches

A

M (microfold) cells

100
Q

What are M cells characterized by?

A

Numerous invaginations that form pits for lymphocytes and macrophages

101
Q

M cells basement membranes are ______ and can ________ Ag and transport them to the lymphocytes and macrophages

A

Discontinuous

Endocytose Ags

102
Q

Do M cells contain Villi?

A

NO

103
Q

______ cells are mucous secreting cells with mucinogen granules in the apex of the cell long with the RER and golgi complex

A

Goblet cells

104
Q

______ cells are interspersed among the absorptive cells and increase in number fro proximal to distal

A

Goblet cells

105
Q

Which cell in the fundus is located in the neck of the gland, interspersed among parietal cells

A

Mucous neck cells

106
Q

Mucous neck cells produce what?

A

Acidic mucous

107
Q

Mucous neck cells have ________ basal nuclei and ________ _______ granules in their cytoplasm

A

Flattened

Large spherical

108
Q

Mucous neck cells secrete mucous for what?

A

Protection of the stomach from HCl & pepsin

109
Q

APUD cells have ______ secretory granules

A

Basal

110
Q

The golgi complex of the APUD cells are _________

A

Supranuclear

111
Q

APUD cells have a _______ apical region that reaches the lumen with microvilli

A

Narrow

112
Q

What is the function of APUD cells?

A

Secrete hormones

113
Q

Cardia are composed of ________ cells and a few ________ cells

A

Mucous

APUD

114
Q

Cardia of the stomach have __________ gastric pits

A

Very shallow

115
Q

What is the epithelium of cardia of the stomach?

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

116
Q

The transition from esophagus to cardia of stomach is marked by what?

A

Change in epithelium

117
Q

You will see unorganized _______ in the cardia of the stomach

A

Lymphocytes

118
Q

The pylorus of the stomach have ________ gastric pits

A

Deeper

119
Q

Glands of the pylorus of the stomach are ________ ________ tubular glands

A

Simple branched

120
Q

Pylorus glands of the stomach are made of _________ cells

A

Mucous neck

121
Q

What is the function of the pylorus of the stomach?

A

Protect the pylorus from autodigestion

122
Q

Submucosa of the stomach is made of ________ CT with no lymphoid elements

A

Dense irregular

123
Q

The submucosa of the stomach is rich in ________, _______, and ________

A

Mast cells
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils

124
Q

The outer layer of the muscularis external of the stomach is made of what?

A

longitudinal smooth muscle - complete

125
Q

The middle layer of the muscularis external of the stomach is made of what?

A

Circular smooth muscle - complete

126
Q

The inner layer of the muscularis external of the stomach is made of what?

A

Oblique layer of smooth muscle - not complete

127
Q

What are the three functions of the small intestine?

A

Digestion of food
Selective absorption
Endocrine function

128
Q

What are the histological divisions of the small intestine?

A 
Duodenum 
Jejunum (jejunum and ilium are the same histologically)
129
Q

The small intestine has _________, _________, and ________ to increase the surface area for absorption

A

Plicae semilunaris
Vilii
Microvilli

130
Q

Permanent folds that involve the mucosa and submucosa

A

Plicae semilunaris

131
Q

Projections form the mucosa

A

Villi

132
Q

Cytoplasmic extensions of the cell

A

Microvilli

133
Q

The small intestine what type of epithelium?

A

Simple columnar

134
Q

You will find __________ in the loose CT of the lamina of the small intestine

A

Smooth muscle

135
Q

Crypts of lieberkuhn open to the what?

A

Base of the villi

136
Q

Crypts of lieberkuhn contain what 4 cells?

A

Absorptive cells
Paneth cells
Goblet cells
M(microfold) cells

137
Q

Absorptive cells are what type of cells?

A

Simple columnar

138
Q

What are the components of an absorptive cell?

A 
Basal ovoid nuclei
Mitochondria
Supranuclear golgi
SER
Microvilli (aka brush) border 
Actin protein core
139
Q

Absorptive cells are held together by what?

A

Tight junctions and desmosomes

140
Q

How often are absorptive cells replaces?

A

Every 1-2 days

141
Q

Paneer cells are located where?

A

In the basal crypts

142
Q

_______ cells are pyramidal in shape with round basal nuclei (found in crypts of lieberkuhn)

A

Paneth

143
Q

What are the components of paneth cells?

A

Eosinophilic granules
RER
Golgi
Zinc granules

144
Q

Which crypts of lieberkuhn cells are used for heavy metal absorption?

A

Paneth cells

145
Q

The granules in paneth cells contain

A

IgA & IgG for the regulation of the intestinal flora and
Lysozyme for the breakdown of bacterial walls

Histology (13 decks)

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