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DT > 3 - Designing > Flashcards

3 - Designing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six Rs of sustainability?

A
  • Recycle
  • Reduce
  • Refuse
  • Repair
  • Rethink
  • Reuse
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2
Q

Recycle - six Rs of sustainability

A

Involves recovering parts and materials to be used when products reach the end of their useful life

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3
Q

Reduce - Six Rs of sustainability

A

Involves minimising wastage, by using less material or eliminating excessive packaging

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4
Q

Refuse - six Rs of sustainability

A

Involves avoiding designs which, for example use materials which are harmful to the environment or are difficult to recycle

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5
Q

Repair - six Rs of sustainability

A

Involves designing products that can be require rather than those that have to be thrown out if they are damaged

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6
Q

Rethink - six Rs of sustainability

A

Involves considering carefully whether there might be more sustainable alternatives

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7
Q

Reuse - six Rs of sustainability

A

Involves making it possible to use products again rather than discarding them

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8
Q

Maintenance (4)

A
  • Temporary and integral fixings can be used to facilitate or control maintenance of products
  • Use of standardised parts that can make maintenance possible
  • Allows for the service and repair/replacement of parts
  • Ability to upgrade with software downloads with electronic downloads
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9
Q

The need to modify designs to make more efficient to manufacture

A

Recycling has been increasingly linked and incorporated into manufacture of products - this has made easy to disassemble or seperate a critical factor

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10
Q

Ease of manufacture

A

Manufacturers are keen to make their products as efficiently as possible to reduce their costs and to minimise the chance of mistakes being made that could affect the quality of finished goods

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11
Q

Examples of strategies for ease of manufacture (4)

A
  • Using a mofular approach in the design, so sub-systems are easier to track and fault-find
  • Using standardised parts and sizes across different versions/models to reduce the overall number of parts required
  • Using advanced soldering techniques such as wave or reflow, rather than manual soldering
  • Using adhesives instead of mechanical fasteners
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12
Q

Define ergonomics (3)

A
  • Is the study of interaction between the human body, products and environment
  • Designers aim to make products in between 5% and 95% percentile
  • Ergonomics is about designing for humans, wherever they are and whatever they are doing
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13
Q

Benefits of good ergonomics

A
  • stress on people are reduced
  • More comfortable, they can do things more quickly and easily and make fewer mistakes
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14
Q

Anthropometrics (3)

A
  • Involves using body sizes to improve ergonomics in products, systems and environments
  • This data is taken from measurements of hundreds of volunteers and is normally recorded as percentiles
  • Average size is known as 50th percentile
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15
Q

Factors of ergonomics (4)

A
  • Colour
  • Material
  • Shapes/size
  • Noise (to show product has been used well)
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16
Q

Arts and crafts movement (3)

A
  • 1863 industrial revolution led to an increase in automation and there was belief this decreased creativity
  • Morris believed that machines decreased the scope of creativity therefore decreasing the value/importance of crafts people
  • Products were hand crafted based around nature
17
Q

Bauhaus (5)

A
  • Was ‘school of building’/’art achool’ in Germany
  • Wanted embrace arts and crafts with new technology
  • Bauhaus made the first mass produced metal chair (cantilever chair)
  • Huge focus on shapes of products and simplicity
  • Peaked between the world wars
18
Q

Modernism (4)

A
  • Believes that you can design a better society
  • Focus mainly on products working well
  • Applied to all forms of creation
  • Concrete, glass, steel featured heavily in buildings
19
Q

Streamlining/America industrial design (5)

A
  • Focused on products looking better
  • This was to increase consumer spending in response to economy crash
  • Had a massive impact on society - curving forms and nautical elements
  • Vinyl, chrome, plywood and aluminium used more
  • Refused to/ inspired by utilitarian art
20
Q

Post modernism (4)

A
  • Focus on producing things to provoke questions - new era of freedom
  • They wanted larger quantities as they believed “less is bore”
  • Started 3Pm March 16th 1972 when a symbolic modernist building was detroyed
  • Example of this is the Las Vegas strip
21
Q

Art Deco (2)

A
  • Is a design style from 1920s and 30s
  • Mainly used in furniture, decorative arts, architecture characterised by shape
  • Chrome, glass, shinny fabrics, mirrors and mirror lines were comkon
  • Stylised images of aeroplanes, cars and cruise liner and skyscrapers
22
Q

Define feasibility study

A

Assesses whether a proposed product system or process has any potential. The can help flag up problems before fully committing to a project. They are used in many sectors from businesses to charities from products to services

23
Q

Factors feasibility studies look at (5)

A
  • Technical - what resources and technologies are required?
  • Economic - what costs will be incurred? Will it be profitable?
  • Market - what is demand? Who are competitors?
  • Legal - which laws and regulations apply?
  • Production - management of manufacture and labour
24
Q

Technical factors

A
25
Q

Economic factors (3)

A
  • All projects must be financially viable to attract investors and operate sustainably
  • Spreadsheets are used to compare potential costs to be proposed retail price and predicted sales to estimate profits and the return on the investment
  • Costs explicitly linked to making a product are called direct costs whereas indirect costs are those needed for the day to day running of a business
26
Q

Time and money - feasibility studies

A
  • The longer time takes to manufacture a unit, the higher the cost of each product will be
  • This is why lean manufacturing aims for the most efficient use of time, labour and resources as possible
27
Q

Assessing the market - feasibility studies

A
28
Q

How should a feasibility study look at the proposed market? (5)

A
  • Profile the target market ,their needs, spending habits etc
  • Research existing or similar products - what’s the usp?
  • What is the best advertising and marketing strategy
  • Study current and emerging demands
  • Estimate sales figures and how the product will be sold
29
Q

Production and logistics - feasibility study factors (4)

A

• A feasibility study should analyse how the design, manufacture and distribution of the product should be managed this includes:

  • Identifying the appropriate locations, processes and the scale of product
  • Establishing the experience and skills required from staff
  • It could also indicate how best to structure the company
30
Q

Legal factors (3)

A
  • A feasibility study should ensure the relevant quality and safety standards for products can be observed
  • Environmental and social standards must be met e.g sourcing/disposal of materials, workers’ pay and conditions
  • The intellectual property for the product may need protection
31
Q

Testing feasibility (4)

A
  • The feasibility of a product is easier to test with a range of prototypes
  • Physical models are produced to help test viability of a product:
  • Scale models can be shown to stakeholders, potential customers and manufacturers to get feedback on the design
  • Full size prototypes can help assess ergonomic feasibility
32
Q

Virtual testing (4)

A

• Advances in CAD/CAM allow simulations to be run to test viability of a design in different conditions:

  • The performance of various materials can be assessed at the click of a button
  • Thermodynamics, airflow and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) can be tested to assess product limitations
  • Virtual tests give detailed and precise quantities data
33
Q
A
34
Q

Testing the market (3)

A

• Prototypes and drawings are used to get feedback from focus groups:

  • This can indicate how popular a product might be, the price people are willing to to pay and highlight the best and worst design features
  • Virtual reality is increasingly being used in market tests

DT (25 decks)

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