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3b_Boards - SketchyPharm > (3) Blood & Inflammation: Dyslipidemia (2.1-2.3) > Flashcards

(3) Blood & Inflammation: Dyslipidemia (2.1-2.3) Flashcards

1
Q

How is dietary cholesterol sent to the liver?

A

(1) Converted to cholesterol esters
(2) Packaged in chylomicrons

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2
Q

Which apoliproteins do chylomicrons have?

A

A-E

(A, B, C, E)

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3
Q

What enzyme releases FFAs from chylomicrons and VLDLs?

A

LPL

(Lipoprotein Lipase)

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4
Q

What is the receptor and ligand for receptor-mediated endocytosis of chylomicrons?

A

Receptor: LDL receptor

Ligand: ApoE

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5
Q

What is the product of HMG-CoA reductase?

A

Mevalonate

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6
Q

What apolipoprotein is found on “bad cholesterol”?

A

ApoB100

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7
Q

What is the receptor and ligand for receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL?

A

Receptor: LDL receptor

Ligand: ApoB100

(Also scavenger receptor)

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8
Q

What enzyme converts free cholesterol to cholesterol esters for transport by HDL?

A

LCAT

(Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase)

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9
Q

What are two mechanisms HDLs transfer cholesterol to the liver?

A

(1) Deliver to LDLs via CETP
(2) Receptor-mediated endocytosis via SR-1

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10
Q

MOA: Statins

A

Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase

(↓ Intracellular Cholesterol ⇒ Upregulation of LDL receptors ⇒ ↑ Rate of peripheral cholesterol removal)

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11
Q

What part of the lipid fraction do statins reduce?

A

(1) ↓↓↓ LDL
(2) ↓ TGs
(3) ↑ HDL

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12
Q

What is the first-line treatment for hypercholesterolemia?

A

Lifestyle modification + statins

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13
Q

What is the most effective lipid-lowering drug to prevent future cardiovascular events?

A

Statins

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14
Q

Adverse Effects (3) : Statins

A

(1) Myopathy
(2) ↑ LFTs
(3) Teratogen

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15
Q

What is the only statin drug not metabolized by the CYP-450 system?

A

Pravastatin

(Primadonna-statin = Too good for CYP-450 system)

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16
Q

MOA: Bile acid resins

A

Inhibits bile acid reabsorption

(∴ ⇒ Stimulate HMG-CoA reductase & Upregulate LDL receptors)

17
Q

What are two examples of bile acid resins?

A

(1) Cholestyramine
(2) Cholestipol

18
Q

What effect do bile acid resins have on lipid fraction?

A

(1) ↓↓↓ LDL
(2) ↑ TGs

19
Q

Why might bile acid resins cause colicky pain?

A

↑ Risk of gallstones

20
Q

What type of vitamin deficiency can result from using bile acid resins?

A

Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency

(A, D, E, K)

21
Q

What is the treatment protocol for administering bile acid resins with statins?

A

Administer > 4 hrs apart

22
Q

MOA: Ezetimibe

A

Inhibits intestinal absorption of cholesterol

23
Q

Adverse Effects (2) : Ezetimibe

A

(1) ↑ LFTs
(2) Diarrhea

24
Q

MOA: Evolocamab

A

Inhibits PCSK9

(∴ Inhibits degradation of LDL receptors)

25
Q

What are the possible fates of FFAs released by LPL?

A

(1) Used by muscle
(2) Coverted back to TG in adipose tissue

26
Q

What are two examples of fibrate drugs?

A

(1) Gemfibrozil
(2) Fenofibrate

27
Q

MOA: Fibrate drugs

A

Activate PPAR-α

(⇒ ↑ LPL ⇒ ↓ TG levels)

28
Q

What effect do fibrates on the lipid fraction?

A

(1) ↓↓↓ TGs
(2) ↓ LDL
(3) ↑ HDL
* (↑ HDL by increasing ApoA1 and ApoA2)*

29
Q

Adverse Effects (2) : Fibrates

A

(1) Myopathy
(2) Gallstones

30
Q

Contraindication: Fibrates

A

Gallbladder disease

(↑ Risk of gallstones)

31
Q

What is the most effective drug for increasing HDL levels?

A

Niacin

32
Q

What effect does Niacin have on the lipid fraction?

A

(1) ↓ TGs
(2) ↓ LDL
(3) ↑↑↑ HDL

33
Q

Adverse Effect: Niacin

A

Cutaneous flushing

34
Q

What drug should be given prior to taking Niacin?

A

NSAID

35
Q

Contraindications (3) : Niacin

A

(1) Liver disease
(2) Diabetics
(3) Gout

36
Q

Fish oil is rich in what type of fatty acid?

A

ω-3 fatty acids

37
Q

How does fish oil lower serum triglycerides?

A

(1) ↓ VLDL
(2) ↓ ApoB

3b_Boards - SketchyPharm (32 decks)

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