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Pharmacology 200 > 3 - antibiotics > Flashcards

3 - antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

what are antibiotics

A

soluble compounds that are produced and released by microorganisms that inhibit the growth or kill other microorganisms

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2
Q

what are the 3 different kinds of ways you can classify bacteria

A

aerobic vs. anaerobic
shapes
gram

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3
Q

which gram stain has thicker peptidoglycan layer

A

gram positive

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4
Q

which gram stain has thinner peptidoglycan layer

A

gram negative

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5
Q

which gram stain has the second layer of lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins

A

gram negative

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6
Q

which kind of gram stain is most bacteria

A

gram negative

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7
Q

what consists of the peptidoglycan structure

A

alternating glycan strands of NAG and NAM

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8
Q

what does glycosyltransferase do

A

polymerizes individual strands (connects nag and nam) into peptidoglycan chain

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9
Q

what does transpeptidase do

A

cross link the strands to contribute the overall structure of the shape

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10
Q

which protein is targeted by many antibiotics (penicillin binding protein)

A

transpeptidases

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11
Q

why do pathogens require an immunocompromised or injured host

A

they dont

they have big mechanisms to attack healthy people

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12
Q

what is the spectrum of activity

A

narrow or broad spectrum depending on the number different bacterial species against which they exhibit useful activity

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13
Q

what is bacterial sensitivity

A

assessing the ability of bacterial strain to replicate following antibiotic exposure

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14
Q

what is a bactericidal antibiotic

A

death, permanent loss of replicative ability

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15
Q

what is a bacteriostatic antibiotic

A

leads to temporary loss of growth and replicative ability

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16
Q

what is therapeutic index

A

ratio of the minimum concentration likely to produce an adverse effect to the minimum concentration needed to produce a desired effect

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17
Q

what is ability to penetrate

A

delivery of antibiotic to the site of inection is the most difficult challenge of antibiotic delivery

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18
Q

what are the 4 ways to describe efficacy and potency

A

spectrum of activity
bacterial sensitivity
therapeutic index
ability to penetrate

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19
Q

what are the 4 classes of antibiotics we need to know

A

cell wall inhibitors
folic acid inhibitors
DNA synthesis inhibitors
protein synthesis inhibitors

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20
Q

what are the two beta lactams

A

penicillin and cephalosporin

21
Q

what kind of antibiotics are beta lactams

A

cell wall inhibitors

22
Q

why are they called beta lactams

A

they have an unusual 4 membered ring

23
Q

how do beta lactams work

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidase that cross links the components of the cell wall

24
Q

are beta lactams bacteriostatic or cidal

A

cidal

25
Q

what are beta-lactamases

A

bacterial enzymes made by bacteria that hydrolyze the beta lactam ring

26
Q

what does vancomycin

A

inhibits peptidoglycan cross linking

but not a beta-lactam

27
Q

is vancomycin a beta lactam

A

no

28
Q

what does calvulanic acid do

A

inhibits beta lactamases

29
Q

what is PABA

A

a nutrient obtained from the environment that is the precursor for folate in bacteria

30
Q

what is the use of folic acid in bacteria

A

they use it to synthesized nucleic acids

31
Q

what do sulfonamides do

A

competes with PABA

32
Q

what do trimethoprim do

A

compete with dihydrofolic acid

33
Q

what are the folic acid inhibitors

A

sulfonamides and trimethoprim

34
Q

why are sulfonamides and trimethoprim usually taken together

A

to block the sequential steps in synthesis of folic acid

35
Q

which are the three protein synthesis inhibitors that we need to know

A

chloramphenicol
tetracyclines
macrolines

36
Q

what are the broad spectrum protein synthesis inhibitors

A

chrloramphenicol and tetracyclines

37
Q

what are the moderate spectrum protein synthesis inhibitors

A

macrolides

38
Q

what are the narrow spectrum protein synthesis inhibitors

A

we dont need to know

39
Q

how do bacteria make protein

A

from mRNA template within the 70s ribosomal complex (50s + 30s)
tRNA (t6) transfers amino acids (transpeptidation)

40
Q

what is transpeptidation

A

when tRNA (t6) transfers an amino acid to the growing amino acid chain

41
Q

how does chloramphenicol work

A

bind to the 50s subunit and block transpeptidation

42
Q

how do macrolides work

A

bind to the 50s subunit and block transpeptidation

43
Q

how do tetracyclines work

A

bind to the 30s subunit and prevent binding of incoming DNA

44
Q

where do aminoglycosides bind

A

30s ribosomal subunit

45
Q

what do aminoglycosides do

A

block initiation of 30s complex
cause misreading of mRNA template
inhibit translocation

46
Q

why doesnt chloramphenical hurt human cells

A

it does not bind to the 80s subunit, only the 70s

47
Q

why doesnt PABA inhibitors affect humans

A

humans cannot synthesis folic acid from paba

48
Q

what are 4 ways bacteria create resistance

A

drug inactivation (b-lactamases)
alteration of binding site
alteration of metabolic pathway (use folic acid from enviro instead of PABA)
reduced drug accumulation (efflux)

49
Q

what is stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

A

rare condition where the skin becomes detached from the underlying tissue and sloughs off the body due to antibiotics

Pharmacology 200 (29 decks)

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