2-ethanol Flashcards
what are the behavioural effects of ethanol similar to
benzodiazepines and barbiturates (CNS depressants)
why is ethanol so much more for the body to deal with than other drugs
because the dose in mg is much larger (13000 vs like 500)
what does “0.05” mean
0.05mL/100mL of blood
what does a larger volume of blood do to concentration
lowers the concentration
where does respiratory depression occur
inhibition in the medulla
what % of ethanol is absorbed from the stomach
20%
how does stomach emptying speed affect absorption
delaying the emptying of the stomach slows absorption
how does food affect absorption rate
slows
how does food affect Cmax
it can lower it by 40%
how does food affect time that it reaches BAC of 0
decreases it
how does food affect area under the absorption curve
decrease
how does aspirin affect absorption
it reduces absorption by delaying stomach emptying
how does cisapride affect absorption
its a drug for GERD, therefore increases emptying and absorption
how does aspirin affect Cmax
lower and slower
how does cisapride affect Cmax
higher and faster
how do aspirin and cisapride affect stomach emptying time (mechanism)
it affects the pyloric sphincter
how do histamine H2 antagonists affect gastric emptying
not at all
why do old people have a higher Cmax
they lose muscle mass and have a lower Volume distribution
how does slow gastric emptying affect Cmax
it decreases Cmax
does ethanol distribute into fat or muscle?
MUSCLE
how does spreading out the dose effect Cmax
decreases
how does ethanol absorption depend on concentration gradients
bigger concentration gradient/difference means quicker absorption boi
how does spreading out the dose affect the liver
it gives the liver an opportunity to metabolize before the next dose
why is volume of distribution different for males and females
girls tend to have more fat :( boys more muscle :(
what is the volume of distribution formula
Vd=dose/Co
C zero
with same body mass and same dose, what is females Co compared to males
females have higher initial concentration
body water percentage in males and females
males more than females (55-62 vs 50-55)
how does ethanol affect AMPA and NMDA glutamate ligand gates ion channels?
inhibition
how does ethanol affect voltage gated calcium channels
inhibition
how does ethanol affect glycine receptors
potentiate/excite
how does ethanol affect GABA-A receptors
positive allosteric modulator of GABA
which GABA-A receptors is of most interest
the ones with delta subunits
what is so special about GABA-A with delta subunits
they are not found in the synaptic celft
extra-synaptic and play a role in setting the backround level of neuronal excitability, regarless if neurons are firing or not
where are GABA-A with delta subunits found
mostly in cerebellum and hippocampus (areas known to be affected by ethanol)
what does cerebellum do
movement and coordination
what does hippocampus do
memory, part of reward pathway, emotion
what % of alcohol is metabolized
90%
what % of ethanol is excreted in urine and breath
10%
what is the limiting reagent of ethanol metabolism
NAD+
what is the average human metabolism rate of ethanol
0.15g/L/hour
how much ethanol is metabolized in the stomach and by what
<5% and by alcohol dehydrogenase
which gender has more alcohol dehydrogenase in the tummy
men ugh
what liver enzymes metabolize ethanol
alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenases
how can you avoid the first pass metabolism of alcohol (2 ways)
inject (EW)
rapid drink b/c metabolic pathways will be quickly saturated
what kind of metabolism is ethanol metabolism
sequential hepatic oxidation
what are the two major enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism
alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase
what molecule is required in metabolism and why
NAD+ to accept H ios and electrons
how many moles of NAD+ is required per mole of ethanol
2 moles of NAD+
why can alcohol be a good energy source
acetate can be fed into the TCA cycle
