3- ACh

Question 1

Faciltators

Answer 1

Don’t require energy

Highly selective

i.e. glucose

Cant concentrate molecules between regions

Question 2

Primary Transporters

Answer 2

Uses ATP directly

Can transport in different directions

Question 3

Secondar Transporters

Answer 3

Antiporter/Symporter

Derives energy from an existing gradient

Question 4

NT Classification Criteria

Answer 4

Synthesis in neuron and present in nerve terminal

Fast release from electrically stimulated neurons

Has mechanism for terminating action of released NT

Exogenous application of target neurons mimics action see in vivo

Existence of specific receptors

Question 5

VAChT

Answer 5

Vesicular ACh Transporter

ANtiporter

ACh coupled with proton efflux

Question 6

nAChR Subunits

Answer 6

Pentameric

Each subunit has 4 TM domains

N and C terminus are located extracellularly

Question 7

Muscle nAChR

Answer 7

ACH binds at α and delta/epsilon subunit interface

Question 8

Neuronal nAChR

Answer 8

ACH binds at α and beta interface, or 2 α subunits for A7 receptors

Question 9

A7 Subunit

Answer 9

Allows for Ca influx if present

Contribute to synaptic plasticity (LTP) and brain developmetn

Question 10

A7 and Brain Development

Answer 10

Switches GABA from excitatory and inhibitory in early development

Question 11

Distribution of nAChR in Brain

Answer 11

A4 and B2 in cortex, thalamus, DA neurons

A7 in HPC (L/M)

Question 12

A3 Subunit

Answer 12

Only subunit that is essential for survival

Homozygous a3 null mice die within first week of birth because of defect in autonomic control of physiological processes

Question 13

Nictotine Replacement Therapy

Answer 13

Associated with 2 fold increased abstinence rates than palcebo

Question 14

Bupropion Therapy (Smoking)

Answer 14

Antidepressant

Doubles quit rates compared to placebo

Question 15

Varenicline (Chantix)

Answer 15

Partial agonist of alpha4beta2 receptors

Reduces rewarding value of cigrarette, decreases withdrawal symptoms

Side effects- increased suicidal thoughts

Question 16

Psychosis

Answer 16

Difficulty establishing what is real and not

Disordered thinking, speak, hallucinations, delusions

Question 17

Psychosis and Nicotine

Answer 17

Rates of cigarette smoking 2-3 time higher in those with psychiatric disorders

Heavy smoking, severe nicotine dependence

Question 18

Reverse Causation

Answer 18

Intensity of smoking in those with psychotic disorder is secondary to illness itself

Medication to alleviate effects of illness can result in nicotine dependence

Question 19

Shared Liability

Answer 19

Psychotic disorders and cigarette smoking share genetic liability

Question 20

Confounder

Answer 20

Tobacco smoking associated with oter risk factors

Gateway to other factors that cause psychosis (environmental factors, illicit substance use)

Question 21

Causal Effect

Answer 21

Possibility that tobacco smoking might be causally related to the risk of psychosis

Question 22

mAChR and SCZ

Answer 22

Decreased M1 and M4 in PFC, HPC, striatum (basal ganglia)

Question 23

M1 C267A Gene

Answer 23

Polymorphism associated with PFC dysfunfunction

Question 24

mAChR and PD

Answer 24

Degeneration of inhibitory DA in substantia nigra causes PD (too much excitatory cholinergic connections of basal ganglia (striatum))

Question 25

Treatment of PD

Answer 25

Benztropine

muscarinic antagonist

Reverses cholinergic dominance in PD