3/22/16 Flashcards
RAS
GTPase proto-oncogene (signal transduction)
Increased signaling = cell growth, differentiation and survival
Active form = RAS-GTP (loss of GTP-ase = always active)
ABL
Proto-oncogene on Chr. 9
CML
Tanslocated to 22 BCR (hybrid tyrosine kinase)
All sensory modalities of the face (except for olfactory), pass through the _______ _______ ______ of the thalamus on their way to cortex (decussate lower in brainstem before going through thalamuscontra)
Ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) (supplied by posterior cerebral artery)
Overuse of HCTZ can cause…
Hypokalemia (decreased early distal tubule Na+ absorption increased delivery and reabsorption by late distal in exchange for K+)
Amiloride
Falls into the class of potassium sparing diuretics
Pentoxifylline
Enhances blood flow by increasing deformability of RBCs to decrease viscosity in blood
Use: Patients suffering from claudication
Pain disorder TX
Rehabilitation (PT) Psychotherapy Behavioral therapy TCAs Venlafaxine
Deficiency due to CD40 ligand
X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome
Tx: immunoglobulin replacement therapy
Bloody CSF without a traumatic tap
HSV-1
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
Inflammation of liver capsule
Rare complication of PID
Presbyacusis: Organ of Corti
Responsible for sensing high-pitched sounds at its proximal portion
Trastuzumab is recombinant monoclonal antibody to ERBB2 (oncogene). How does it work?
Binds receptor on cancer cells preventing receptor stimulation and inhibiting cell growth.
Additionally, the binding of the antibody facilitates cell mediated cytotoxicity
Heinz bodies are a hallmark of ______ and represent accumulations of denatured hemoglobin
G6PD
Tamoxifen ADRs
Endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma Increased bone density Hypercoagulability Hot flashes Night sweats Vaginal discharge
Court- appointed legal guardians have the authority to….
Sign informed consent documents on behalf of mentally impaired
Don’t want to “MIS” that the MRS. Is pregnant
Misoprostol is PGE1 analog
Increases mucosal secretion and decreases acid production in GI tract
Induces uterine contractions and cervical ripening in pregnant women
Secondary increase in PTH production is caused primarily by the reduction in….
Phosphate excretion (hyperphosphatemia increases PTH secretion)
PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase)
Regulatory enzyme in the gluconeogenesis pathway
Acts in cytosol to convert oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate
Prolonged isovolumetric contraction is seen with aortic stenosis…why?
Higher pressure is required to overcome the resistance of the valve to open it
Eczema, asthma, and hay fever are what type of reaction?
Hypersensitivity type I reaction
Unchecked proliferation of granulocytes in CML
BCR-ABL Philadelphia chromosome fusion t(9;22)
Monoclonal antibody against RANK-L (RANK-L is an activator of NF-kB pathway thus this drug indirectly acts by inhibiting NF-kB pathway
Denosumab
Tx for anemia due to Hereditary spherocytosis
Splenectomy Corrects anemia completely but spherocytes persist
What structures are within cardinal (transverse cervical) ligament?
Right uterine artery and vein
Neurogenic bladder in diabetes/ Chronic reflux associated pyelonephritis
Blunting, uneven scaring, and thickened dilation of calyces
Also proteus infections leading to struvite stones (staghorn calculi)
Structures of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial (NAVEL)
Nerve (femoral) Artery (femoral) Vein (femoral) Empty space in femoral canal Lymphatics Note: Artery, Vein, lymphatics are within femoral sheath
Clindamycin MOA
Inhibits translocation, preventing movement of peptide chain from the A site to the P site
Do not confuse with chloramphenicol which affects peptidyl transferase activity at 50 S.
Nodular goiter that has hyperfunctioning nodule, causing Hyperthyroidism
Plummer’s disease
Subacute bacterial endocarditis, particularly in setting of MVP
Viridans streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguinis, S. oralis, and S. mitis)
PDA use indomethacin
PGE2 inhibitor
Hypophosphatemic Rickets Inheritance
X-linked Dominant
Muscarinic antagonist that can be used to alleviate urinary urgency in patients with cystitis and to ease bladder spasm
Oxybutynin
Spina bifida occulta is caused by what?
Failure of POSTERIOR vertebral arches to close in utero
Folic acid before 28th day of pregnancy
Ventricular tachyarrhythmias and intraventricular conduction abnormalities (ex. A LBBB) are common long term complications of MI why?
Myocardium becomes scarred and loses it intrinsic conducting abilities
Location of intraductal papilloma
Lactiferous ducts
Tx: tight fitting support bras, cessation of breast feeding, ice packs
SJS associated with use of what anticonvulsants?
Lamotrigine
Phenytoin
Ethosuximide
Carbamazepine
Topiramate ADRs
Psychomotor slowing, sedation and renal stones
PPD test example of what type of hypersensitivity?
Type IV (also Type 4 = contact dermatitis) Response does not involve antibodies (Delayed T-cell mediated type)
Sixth aortic arch
Proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) PDA
Addison’s disease in men
Because we produce androgens mainly in our balls you will not see sexual dysfunction or hair loss (but women do…especially hair loss in pubic and axillary)
Treatment for fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)
Self- limited (no treatment necessary)
Gaussian Distribution
68% = fall between 1 SD 95% = fall between 2 SD 99% = fall between 3 SD
Malassezia furfur causes _______ _______; KOH preparation shows “spaghetti and meatballs” mycelia
Tinea Versicolor
Tubulointerstitial nephritis “muddy brown casts”
Sulfonamides (thiazide and loop diuretics) Methicillin Ciprofloxacin Cephalosporins Allopurinol NSAIDs Proton pump inhibitors Rifampin
Highly effective topical antibiotic against gram-positive (some gram negative) bacteria that works by inhibiting bacterial wall synthesis (peptidoglycan synthesis)
Bacitracin
What is elevated in B12 deficiency
Homocysteine
Methylmalonic acid
AAs are covalently bound to 3’ end of tRNA molecules. This reaction is catalyzed by ____________ . tRNA molecules have a ______ triplet on the 3’ end.
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
CCA
