2B Organelles

Question 1

What are organelles?

Answer 1

Perform specific roles to keep the cell functioning

Question 2

Cytosol?

Answer 2

The aqueous fluid that
surrounds the organelles inside a cell

Question 3

Cytoplasm?

Answer 3

The cytosol + organelles inside the plasma
membrane, excluding the nucleus

Question 4

Outline the structure and function of organelles

Answer 4

1. Nucleus:

Structurally surrounded by a double-membrane

Functionally contains DNA, which codes for the production of a protein, and controls cell function

2. Ribosomes

Structurally tiny + comprised of rRNA and proteins + located in cytoplasm or attached to the RER

Functionally is the site of protein synthesis

3. RER

Structurally comprised of connected and flattened sacs coated with ribosomes

Functionally transports materials for the production of proteins

4. SER

Structurally comprised of connected and flattened sacs coated with no ribosomes

Functionally transports materials for the production of lipids

5. Golgi Apparatus

Structurally a stack of flattened sacks

Functionally packages proteins into vesicles

6. Lysosome

Structurally a membrane bound-vesicle that contains digestive enzymes

Functionally breaks down cell waste

7. Mitochondria

Structurally a highly folded inner membrane is surrounded by a second outer membrane

Functionally site of aerobic cellular respiration

8. Chloroplasts

Structurally comprised of flattened + fluid-filled sacs and chloroplasts contain their own DNA + ribosomes

Functionally the site of photosynthesis

9. Vacuole

Structurally a membrane-bound sac

Functionally used for water storage + maintaining plant cell structure

10. Plasma Membrane

Structurally made up of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins + carbohydrates + cholesterol

Functionally controls what enters and exists the cell + separates the intercellular environment from the extracellular environment

11. Cell wall

Structurally a sturdy border outside

Functionally provides strength + structure to cell

12. Vesicle

Structurally a membrane-bound sac

Functionally transports substances into/out of cell + stores substances within a cell

13. Cytoskeleton

Structurally a large network of protein filaments extending from the nucleus to the plasma membrane

Functionally maintains the cell shape + helps in transporting vesicles around the cell

Organelles not membrane-bound from this list include:

1. Ribosomes
2. Cell wall
3. Cytoskeleton

Question 5

In-depth compare the Mitochondria to the Chloroplasts

Answer 5

Mitochondria:

Structurally =
1. Outer-membrane surrounding a highly folded inner-membrane
2. Space inside membrane = mitochondrial matrix
3. Folds of inner-membrane = cristate

Functionally =

1. Site of aerobic cellular respiration
2. Equation = Glucose + Oxygen - carbon dioxide + water + energy

Chloroplasts:

Structurally =

1. Comprised of inner + outer membrane
2. Grana = sac of flattened sacs known as thylakoids (contain a green pigment known as chlorophyll) + a fluid substance known as stroma
3. Equation = Carbon Dioxide + Water - using sunlight + energy - Glucose + Oxygen

Question 6

Compare plant and animal cells

Answer 6

1. Cell wall
2. Chloroplasts
3. Vacuoles (animal cells are small + there are many) (plant cells tend to have one large vacuole)