28. Bioinformatics and genomes Flashcards
Main points in bioinfomratics and genomes
Explain how the humna genome was sequenced?
Assemble (algorithms do that) the genome based where the pieces overlapped (cut that they overlap)
What are the main nucleotide sequence databases?
Also there are organism specific nucleotide databases
What is DNA annotaion and what are the teo main types?
DNA annotation is the process identying the lociation of genes and the coding regions and determinining what they do
- Computer annotation
- Human annotation
Explain computer DNA annotation
- Try to find the squences by promoter, translation regulation sequences in the genome
- Compare the gene sequences with others of known function → predict th efunction of the sequence
Explain human DNA annotation
Assesses how well the predicted function of the sequence actually is done
Approves and modifies the computer DNA annotation
What is systems biology?
Explain double knock out experiment on yeast as a way to study systems biology
- knocked out two genes which were related in production of certain phenotype → compared → constructed a map which genes relate (determined by the same phenotype because if one component in the whole process doesn’t work - the whole phenotype not shown)
Explain what is genome wide association studies (GWAS)
- Look at healthy SNPs - compare to sick SNPs to find mutations → Manhattan plot (shows in which parts of the genome for potential targeting of the disease)
- Also other features can be looked at: epigenetics compared
Systems biology summary
Why does the genome size vary?
Not known why
Explain the different sizes of genomes in organisms
What are the components of prokaryotes genoems?
What is the composition of the human genome?
Huge part - non coding DNA
What are the non-coding DNA sequences used for?
Huge part - non coding DNA
Whar are transposons in the genome?
Transposons - transposable elements - sequences that move in the genome
In corn: blue colour → transposons are present, yellow → not
What are the types of transposons?
Transposons
Retrotransposons
How are genes assembled to produce a protein?
They are unique genes or assembled into multigene families
What are the two types of multigene families?
Identical repeats of the same gene (ex ribosomal because many ribosomes needed)
Groups of very similar genes (ex globing genes)
Genome summary
What processes are involved in genome evolution?
- Gene duplication
- Gene rearrangement
- Gene mutations
What are the possible gene mutations that lead to genome evolution?
Explain chromosomal mutations in genome evolution
Explain point mutations in genome evolution
What are the possibke types of mutations based on their effect
How do transposons aid in genome evolution?
- Facilitate chromosomal mutations by providing cross-over point
- Move/copy DNA around the genome → disrupt protein code / change expression by placing new sequences in regulatory sequences / move genes, groups of genes or exons / change splicing of mRNA
How gene families were formed?
What is exon shuffling
In genome evolution
How are the genes called which contribute to evo devo?
Conserved across all animals - similar genes control different parts
Genome evolution summary
Conserved across all animals - similar genes control different parts
Key learning outcomes
