28. Bioinformatics and genomes Flashcards

1
Q

Main points in bioinfomratics and genomes

A
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2
Q

Explain how the humna genome was sequenced?

A

Assemble (algorithms do that) the genome based where the pieces overlapped (cut that they overlap)

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3
Q

What are the main nucleotide sequence databases?

A

Also there are organism specific nucleotide databases

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4
Q

What is DNA annotaion and what are the teo main types?

A

DNA annotation is the process identying the lociation of genes and the coding regions and determinining what they do

  • Computer annotation
  • Human annotation
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5
Q

Explain computer DNA annotation

A
  1. Try to find the squences by promoter, translation regulation sequences in the genome
  2. Compare the gene sequences with others of known function → predict th efunction of the sequence
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6
Q

Explain human DNA annotation

A

Assesses how well the predicted function of the sequence actually is done

Approves and modifies the computer DNA annotation

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7
Q

What is systems biology?

A
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8
Q

Explain double knock out experiment on yeast as a way to study systems biology

A
  • knocked out two genes which were related in production of certain phenotype → compared → constructed a map which genes relate (determined by the same phenotype because if one component in the whole process doesn’t work - the whole phenotype not shown)
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9
Q

Explain what is genome wide association studies (GWAS)

A
  • Look at healthy SNPs - compare to sick SNPs to find mutations → Manhattan plot (shows in which parts of the genome for potential targeting of the disease)
  • Also other features can be looked at: epigenetics compared
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10
Q

Systems biology summary

A
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11
Q

Why does the genome size vary?

A

Not known why

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12
Q

Explain the different sizes of genomes in organisms

A
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13
Q

What are the components of prokaryotes genoems?

A
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14
Q

What is the composition of the human genome?

A

Huge part - non coding DNA

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15
Q

What are the non-coding DNA sequences used for?

A

Huge part - non coding DNA

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16
Q

Whar are transposons in the genome?

A

Transposons - transposable elements - sequences that move in the genome

In corn: blue colour → transposons are present, yellow → not

17
Q

What are the types of transposons?

A

Transposons

Retrotransposons

18
Q

How are genes assembled to produce a protein?

A

They are unique genes or assembled into multigene families

19
Q

What are the two types of multigene families?

A

Identical repeats of the same gene (ex ribosomal because many ribosomes needed)

Groups of very similar genes (ex globing genes)

20
Q

Genome summary

A
21
Q

What processes are involved in genome evolution?

A
  • Gene duplication
  • Gene rearrangement
  • Gene mutations
22
Q

What are the possible gene mutations that lead to genome evolution?

A
23
Q

Explain chromosomal mutations in genome evolution

A
24
Q

Explain point mutations in genome evolution

A
25
Q

What are the possibke types of mutations based on their effect

A
26
Q

How do transposons aid in genome evolution?

A
  • Facilitate chromosomal mutations by providing cross-over point
  • Move/copy DNA around the genome → disrupt protein code / change expression by placing new sequences in regulatory sequences / move genes, groups of genes or exons / change splicing of mRNA
27
Q

How gene families were formed?

A
28
Q

What is exon shuffling

A

In genome evolution

29
Q

How are the genes called which contribute to evo devo?

A

Conserved across all animals - similar genes control different parts

30
Q

Genome evolution summary

A

Conserved across all animals - similar genes control different parts

31
Q

Key learning outcomes

A