12. Respiration Flashcards
Define cell respiration
CELL RESPIRATION: controlled release of E from organic compounds to produce ATP
Types of cell respiration
- Aerobic: uses O2 to completely break down glucose in mitochondria to produce larger ATP yield
- Anaerobic: without O2 , partial breakdown of glucose in cytosol for smaller ATP yield
Main organic compounds used in respiration
- Carbohydrates (main) - the only in anaerobic
- Lipids
- Proteins
Aerobic respiration equation
Describe ATP
- adenosine triphosphate
- high E molecule which functions as an immediate source of power for cells
- when ATP is hydrolised - ADP + Pi - E released from the phosphate bond (exergonic)
- E stored in organic molecules repairs ATP from ADP and Pi (in oxidation)
Define glycolysis
GLYCOLYSIS: anaerobic breakdown of glucose in cytosol (both in aerobic and anaerobic respiration)
6C => 3C + 3C (two pyruvates) + 2NADH + 4ATP
(4 produced but 2 used - net 2ATP produced)
First reaction in glycolysis - endergonic - coupled with exergonic hydrolysis of ATP
Anaerobic products after glycolysis
- in animals: pyruvate => lactate (toxic)
- in plants/yeast: pyruvate => ethanol (toxic) and CO2
No further production of ATP beyond glycolysis if no O2
Purpose of anaerobic respiration
- in plants/yeast: to restock NAD+ - needed for glycolysis to produce ATP
- in animals: high activity - high e demand - too little O2 - to maximise ATP production - anaerobic respiration - stop exercise - lactate converted to pyruvate
Conversion of pyruvate to lactate/ethanol and CO2 - reversible - pyruvate levels can be restored if O2 present -> aerobic respiration
Generalised stages of aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration uses in industries
Anaeroobic respiration = fermentation
- food industry
- bioethanol: renewable e source
Define respirometer
RESPIROMETER: device which determines an organism’s respiration rate by measuring O2 and CO2 exchange rate
- sealed container
- CO2 absorbant (alkali/)
- O2 consumption measured by change in pressure within the system - moves water in U-tube
- controlled variables: time, temperature, hydration, light (plants), age, activity levels
Glycolysis vs aerobic respiration sites in cell
Can ATP be transported
No, not transferred from cell to cell - requires continuous supply
ATP in cell is immediately available for use
Uses of ATP in cells
Waste product of ATP conversion
HEAT