28 amines Flashcards
what is the general formula for amines?
RNH2
what is the general formula for ammonia?
NH3
what is the general formula for ammonium?
NH4+
how do you name amines?
(longest C chain)-amine
amino-
what is the IUPAc name for an amine bonded to a benzene ring?
phenylamine
what are the 4 classifications for amines?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
what is a primary amine?
amine with one alkyl group
what is a secondary amine?
amine with two alkyl groups
what is a tertiary amine?
amine with three alkyl groups
what is an example of a quaternary amine?
tetramethyl ammonium chloride
or any quaternary ammonium salt
what is the difference between the Nitrogens on primary secondary and tertiary amines compared to quaternary amines?
the N on quaternary amines are positive
what are the uses for quaternary ammonium salts and what is a name for them?
cationic surfactants:
shampoos
conditioner
fabric softeners
what do all amines act as?
bases
how do amines act as bases?
the lone pair of electrons on the N accepts a proton to form an ammonium ion
what decides the strength of an amine as a base?
how available the nitrogen is to accept a proton
what 2 main things help us decide the strength of an amine as a base?
positive inductive effect
number of phenyl groups/benzene
what does the positive inductive effect state?
that alkyl groups can release electron density onto N making the lone pair more available to accept a proton
what does adding a benzene group to an amine do?
make lone pair on N delocalise into benzene ring making it less available to accept a proton
which base is stronger between methylamine and ammonia?
methylamine is the stronger base
methyl group releases electron density onto N
lone pair on N more available to accept a proton
which base is weaker between phenylamine and ammonia?
phenylamine is the weaker base
lone electrons on N ca delocalise into the benzene ring
lone pair on N less available to accept a proton
what happens when an amine acts as a base?
it accepts a proton to form an ammonium ion
how do you form amines from halogenalkanes?
nucleophilic substitution
what are the conditions of nucleophilic substitution to make an amine?
excess NH3
what 2 things react together in a nucleophilic substitution reaction to make an amine?
NH3 and a halogenalkane
what does the NH3 act as in a nucleophilic substitution reaction?
nucleophile
what does the NH3 attack in a nucleophilic substitution reaction?
partially positive C bonded to the halogen
what is the intermediate in a nucleophilic substitution reaction forming an amine?
RNH3
