26 compounds containing carbonyl group Flashcards
what is a carbonyl group?
C=O
what is the suffix for aldehydes?
-al
what is the suffix for ketones?
-one
why do carbonyl compounds have higher boiling points than molecules like alkanes?
C=O is polar meaning it has permanent dipole dipole forces which are stronger than Van de Waals forces
are ketones and aldehydes soluble? why?
shorter chains are as H bonds form between the water and the oxygen on the carbonyl compound
are carbonyl compounds reactive? why?
yes because it is polar so nucleophilic reagents can attack the C
what does CN act in a reaction with a ketone and an aldehyde?
nucleophile
what does the CN attack in a reaction with a ketone and an aldehyde?
the partially positive carbon that is double bonded to the oxygen
what is a carboxyl group?
COOH
what is a hydroxyl group?
O-H
how do you name carboxylic acids?
longest chain-oic acid
is the carboxyl group always carbon 1 or always the last carbon?
carbon 1
what type of acid is a carboxylic acid?
weak
what do carboxylic acids do due to the fact that they are weak acids?
partially dissociate and form an equilibrium reaction
where does equilibrium lie in reactions starting with carboxylic acids?
to the left
what is the difference in solubility between long chained and short chained carboxylic acids?
long chained- more soluble
short chained- less soluble
what can help distinguish between different carboxylic acids?
they have different melting points
how are esters formed?
reaction between:
alcohol and carboxylic acid
OR
acid anhydride and alcohol
(esterification)
what is the general formula for esters?
RCOOR
how do you name esters?
(a)-yl (b)-oate
a- group on side of O group
b- group on side of carboxyl group
what are the conditions for esterification? (acidic)
concentrated H2SO4
which esterification reaction is an equilibrium reaction and which is not?
COOH + OH = equilibrium
acid anyhdride + OH = forward reaction
how do you form carboxylic acids from esters?
hydrolysis
what 2 types of hydrolysis are there?
acid catalysed
base catalysed
how does acid catalysed hydrolysis work?
ester + water <-> COOH + OH
catalysed by conc H2SO4
how does base catalysed hydrolysis work?
ester + water <-> COOH + OH + salt
catalysed by warm aqueous NaOH
how does a salt form in a base catalysed hydrolysis of an ester?
NaOH reacts with carboxylic acid
what happens as a result of the salt being mad in a base catalysed hydrolysis of an ester?
yield increases so equilibrium shifts to the right
how are fats and oils made?
glycerol + fatty acid
fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, what does this mean?
saturated have no C=C
unsaturated have one or more C=C
what is the IUPAC name for glycerol?
propane-1,2,3-triol
