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🌍Geography > 💚27 Migration > Flashcards

💚27 Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

Define push factors

A

Considerations that cause people to leave a region known as the donor region.

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2
Q

Define pull factors

A

Considerations that draw ppl to a region known as reciever/host region

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3
Q

Define migration

A

The long term movement of ppl from one place to another

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4
Q

What are some barriers to migration

A

Financial- Costs of travel,resettling
Legal-Visas/work permits denied
Personal-Family ties

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5
Q

Name some push factors

A

Overpopulation (Sahel)
Conflict (Syria)
Natural Disasters/Famine (Darfur)
Lack of Services (India)
Poor Economic Opportunities (Mezzogiorno)

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6
Q

Name some pull factors

A

Underpopulation (Canada)
Freedom from Persecution (Europe)
Range of Services (Galway)
Higher Incomes/Standard of living (Brussles)
Highly Developed Economies (Paris)

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7
Q

Define Emigration

A

Moving out of a place

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8
Q

Define Immigration

A

Moving into a place

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9
Q

Define international Migration

A

Moving to another country

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10
Q

Define internal migration

A

Movement within ones country

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11
Q

Define Internally Displaced Person

A

A person who has been forced to move from their home to a safe location within their own country.

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12
Q

Define Rural to Urban Migration

A

Moving from a Rural Area to a city

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13
Q

Define Counter-Urbanisation

A

Movement from urban areas to rural areas

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14
Q

Define forced migration

A

Governments force people to move (e.g. Jewish people in World War Il) or war, famine and political unrest push people out (e.g. the Syrian civil war).

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15
Q

Define Voluntary Migration

A

Choice to move is made by the migrant

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16
Q

Define remittances

A

Money sent by migrants to their home country

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17
Q

POSITIBE socio-economic impacts of Migration on DONOR regions

A

Saftey Valve- Reduces no.of unemployed ppl, Migrants send remittances

Resources-Overpop triggers migration, outmovement relives pressure on resources

Skills-Migrants may return with new skills

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18
Q

NEGATIVE socio-economic impacts of Migration on DONOR regions

A

Gender Imbalance- Female migrants outnumber male in Europe, opposite for Africa/West Asia. Marriage rates and changes in pop. Structure

Quality of Life Sport and recreation activities suffer. Loss of members

Brain Drain- Skilled graduates leave

Depopulation Abandoned homes,farms and loss of economic activities

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19
Q

POSITIVE socio-economic impacts of Migration on HOST regions

A

Cultural Enrichment- Society enhanced

Labour Shortages solved- Workers can contribute to diff economic activities and enable economic growth

Migrant Spending- VVAT and Income Taxes boost Govt Revenues

Migrant Entrepreneurs-Create employment, build trade links w country of origin

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20
Q

NEGATIVE socio-economic impacts of Migration on HOST regions

A

Birth Rates- Among migrants tend to b higher, pressure on maternity services.

Social Services- Place extra demands eg housing, social welfare

Cultural and Religious Tension- Discrimination, racism, lack of integration policies

Undercutting of Wage Rates- Migrants prepared to work for less. Tension

Reliance on migrant workers

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21
Q

Define Recession

A

A period when economic activity declines

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22
Q

Define net migration

A

No. of ppl coming into a country minus no. of ppl going out

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23
Q

Positive Net migration definition

A

More ppl are entering a country than leaving

24
Q

Negative net migration definition

A

More ppl are leaving a country than entering

25
Q

Changing Migration Patterns Ireland. PG 462 pls read xx

A

1950s- High Emigration

1960s- Inward migration, Emi decreased

1970s-Net migration increase to 104k,
recession

1980s-Skilled workers Emigrated

1990s-Unemployment declined, labour
shortages

2004-150k Immigrants some returning
Irish back home

2007-Celtic Tiger, Inward Migration 104k

2008-Recession. Unemployment
Increase,Outward Migration

2012-2016: Unemployment decrease as
economy recovered a bit

2017-1st Positive net migration since
2009

2017-2018: Highest positive net
migration since 2008

26
Q

Positive Socio Economic Impacts of Ireland As a Host region

A

Skilled Multilingual Workers-Construction boom, solved labour shortagess

Government revenue-Income Tax,Vat

Purchasing Power-Growth in economy

Fill Employment Gaps-

Increase Population-Maintains services

Cultural Diversity-Ethnic shops

27
Q

Negative Socio Economic Impacts of Ireland as a. Host country

A

Remmitances-Loss of money in economy

Attitudes Towards Migrants-Seen as competition

Pressure on Services-High birth rate,maternity services

Terror Attacks-Security services

Ppl Trafficing-Increased,organised crime
Integration-Language support teachers etc. , strain on resources

Government-Higher costs, translating leaflets, court translators

Increase in Racism-

Exploitation-Of workers that lack english skills and knowledge of their rights

Education-Limits schools cuz of catholic church schools

28
Q

Define People Trafficing

A

The use of force or deception in moving migrants to countries where they can be exploited for labour (e.g. sex trade).

29
Q

Rural to Urban Migration IReland

Socio Economic Impacts on donor regions

A

Mayo/Leitrim affected by rural depop.

Migration tends to be age selective impacting pop. structure

Dependency ratio increased

Decline In birth rates

Brain drain, skilled workers move away, lack of skilled labour force

Abandoned homes,farms, closure of schools

Reduced Local purchasing power, businesses close down

Public Transport reduced or discontinued

30
Q

Rural to Urban Migration IReland

Socio Economic Impacts on Host areas

A

Age selective population increase- change in pop. structure

Higher Birth rates due to age selective migration

Increasing pressure on services

Increased demand for housing causes ppl to move to surrounding counties where homes are cheaper-> urban sprawl

Lack of proper public transport=car dependency= traffic congestion

Labour pool attracts industry

Increased demand for housing results in higher rents and housing shortages

31
Q

Define Megacity

A

: A very large city with a population in excess of 10 million people.

32
Q

Rural To Urban Migration in Developing world india

Socio economic impacts on rural areas

A

Rural Depopulation-Mostly men

Population Structure Changes
-children forced child labour,school attendance affected,no hope for future

Pattern of migration-all fam leaves

33
Q

Rural To Urban Migration in Developing world india

Socio economic impacts on urban area

A

Kolkata-Chp22+30
Mumbai-Chp26

Overcrowding
Crime
Violence towards migrants
Poor health
Poor sanitation
Lack of clean water
Lack of employment
Exploitation of workers
Lack of electricity
Air pollution
Traffic congestion

34
Q

What do EU migration policies aim to do

A

Manage legal immigration to address labour and skills shortages

Control irregular immigration

Deal with refugees and asylum seekers

35
Q

What is EEA and what countries are in it

A

European Economic Area
All EU states, Norway Liechtenstein and Iceland

36
Q

What is the EU Blue Card Scheme immigration policy

A

Ireland Denmark Uk dont participate

Aims to attract professionals and highly qualified workers from outside EU

Must have valid work contract for highly qualified employment for at least a year

Card holders have free movement within the Schengen area and are offered to bring their fam

37
Q

What are irelands immigratipn policies
Critical Skills Emplpyment permit

A

They have 9 diff permit types
Critical Skills Employment Permit=aimed at attracting skilled migrants to ireland

Must secure a 2year job offer with minimum salary of 60k. Must be on the Highly skilled Eligible OccupationsList

38
Q

What is the Highly Skilled Eligible Occupations List

A

This list describes occupations that are of vital importance to our economy but are in short supply within the labour market (e.g. radiographers, midwives).

39
Q

Define refugee

A

A person who crosses an international border to escape from persecution, violence or conflict.

40
Q

Define Asylum Seeker

A

A person who is awaiting determination of refugee status.

41
Q

Define frontline countries

A

Countries where asylum seekers first arrive (eg Italy)

42
Q

How does an asylum seeker become a regugee

A

Must apply to EU Common European Asylum System (CEAS)

43
Q

What processes applications for asylum seekers in Ireland

A

INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OFFICE

44
Q

Eurpoean Migrant Crisis

A

2015 more than 1.2mil applied for asylum in EU.

Frontline countries (greece,italy) became responsible for dealing w them under the Dublin Regulation putting huge strain on services

Three main routes they took:
Eastern Mediterranean
Central Mediterranean
Western Mediterranean

45
Q

Define Migrant Smuggling

A

Illegal movement of ppl accross borders purely for profit

46
Q

Impacts of The European amigrant Crisis

A

Some countries temporarily reinstalled border control threatening free movement under the Schengen Agreement (Hungary)

Many are apposed to being forced to accept refugee quotas (Slovakia)

Support for Right wing political parties opposed to migration has increased

47
Q

Responses to the European Migrant Crisis

A

rescued Mediterranean migrants sent to control centres, then to other countries, relieving pressure on frontline countries

Ash centres, genuine, asylum seekers, allocated and resettles. Two countries, irregular migrants, returned to their country of origin.

Investment in sub-Saharan Africa to reduce push factor

Reform of EU asylum policy is needed 

48
Q

Define ethnic

A

Sharing a common and distinctive culture language or religion

49
Q

Define xenophobia

A

Fear or hatred of people from other countries or cultures

50
Q

Define salad bowl

A

All the cultures maintain their individual traits just like in a salad

51
Q

Define melting pot

A

Ppl of diff ethnic backgrounds gradually blend together forming a single society

52
Q

Define far right

A

Political terminology for extremely conservative and nationalist views

Nazis

53
Q

Define radicalisation

A

individuals or groups, adopts, extreme political, religious or social beliefs and use extreme methods to have these adapted 

54
Q

define Islamophobia

A

I dislike or fear of anyone who is a follower of Islam


55
Q

Ethnic Issues Arosing from migration

A

• Migrants bring own language, culture, traditions, religion

• Attempts to integrate - melting pot or multicultural/salad bowl

• USA - dual Spanish and English signs facilitate Mexican immigrants
- objections

• Mounting tensions between natives and migrants - build a wall (USA);
border fences (Europe)

• Failure of integration policies - marginalisation (France, Belgium)

• Ethnic tensions within migrant groups - gang violence

56
Q

Racial Issues Arising from Migration

A

• Racial profiling

• Security risks by certain groups - discriminatory policing

• Racially-based employment discrimination

• Sport - rise in racist taunts

• Europe - growing support for far-right politics

• USA - white supremacist movements, e.g. Ku Klux Klan

• Political parties and govt forced to adopt policies to limit migration

57
Q

Religious Issues Arising from migration

A

• Migrants - religion part of cultural identity; Western Europe - increasingly secular

• Lack of integration - radicalisation, violence

• Terror attacks - growing
Islamophobia

• Religious dress code - issues

• Conflicts between migrants of different sects

• USA travel ban - religious discrimination

• Migrants to Middle East must conform to strict Islamic rules

🌍Geography (13 decks)

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