💚27 Migration Flashcards
Define push factors
Considerations that cause people to leave a region known as the donor region.
Define pull factors
Considerations that draw ppl to a region known as reciever/host region
Define migration
The long term movement of ppl from one place to another
What are some barriers to migration
Financial- Costs of travel,resettling
Legal-Visas/work permits denied
Personal-Family ties
Name some push factors
Overpopulation (Sahel)
Conflict (Syria)
Natural Disasters/Famine (Darfur)
Lack of Services (India)
Poor Economic Opportunities (Mezzogiorno)
Name some pull factors
Underpopulation (Canada)
Freedom from Persecution (Europe)
Range of Services (Galway)
Higher Incomes/Standard of living (Brussles)
Highly Developed Economies (Paris)
Define Emigration
Moving out of a place
Define Immigration
Moving into a place
Define international Migration
Moving to another country
Define internal migration
Movement within ones country
Define Internally Displaced Person
A person who has been forced to move from their home to a safe location within their own country.
Define Rural to Urban Migration
Moving from a Rural Area to a city
Define Counter-Urbanisation
Movement from urban areas to rural areas
Define forced migration
Governments force people to move (e.g. Jewish people in World War Il) or war, famine and political unrest push people out (e.g. the Syrian civil war).
Define Voluntary Migration
Choice to move is made by the migrant
Define remittances
Money sent by migrants to their home country
POSITIBE socio-economic impacts of Migration on DONOR regions
Saftey Valve- Reduces no.of unemployed ppl, Migrants send remittances
Resources-Overpop triggers migration, outmovement relives pressure on resources
Skills-Migrants may return with new skills
NEGATIVE socio-economic impacts of Migration on DONOR regions
Gender Imbalance- Female migrants outnumber male in Europe, opposite for Africa/West Asia. Marriage rates and changes in pop. Structure
Quality of Life Sport and recreation activities suffer. Loss of members
Brain Drain- Skilled graduates leave
Depopulation Abandoned homes,farms and loss of economic activities
POSITIVE socio-economic impacts of Migration on HOST regions
Cultural Enrichment- Society enhanced
Labour Shortages solved- Workers can contribute to diff economic activities and enable economic growth
Migrant Spending- VVAT and Income Taxes boost Govt Revenues
Migrant Entrepreneurs-Create employment, build trade links w country of origin
NEGATIVE socio-economic impacts of Migration on HOST regions
Birth Rates- Among migrants tend to b higher, pressure on maternity services.
Social Services- Place extra demands eg housing, social welfare
Cultural and Religious Tension- Discrimination, racism, lack of integration policies
Undercutting of Wage Rates- Migrants prepared to work for less. Tension
Reliance on migrant workers
Define Recession
A period when economic activity declines
Define net migration
No. of ppl coming into a country minus no. of ppl going out
Positive Net migration definition
More ppl are entering a country than leaving
Negative net migration definition
More ppl are leaving a country than entering
Changing Migration Patterns Ireland. PG 462 pls read xx
1950s- High Emigration
1960s- Inward migration, Emi decreased
1970s-Net migration increase to 104k,
recession
1980s-Skilled workers Emigrated
1990s-Unemployment declined, labour
shortages
2004-150k Immigrants some returning
Irish back home
2007-Celtic Tiger, Inward Migration 104k
2008-Recession. Unemployment
Increase,Outward Migration
2012-2016: Unemployment decrease as
economy recovered a bit
2017-1st Positive net migration since
2009
2017-2018: Highest positive net
migration since 2008
Positive Socio Economic Impacts of Ireland As a Host region
Skilled Multilingual Workers-Construction boom, solved labour shortagess
Government revenue-Income Tax,Vat
Purchasing Power-Growth in economy
Fill Employment Gaps-
Increase Population-Maintains services
Cultural Diversity-Ethnic shops
Negative Socio Economic Impacts of Ireland as a. Host country
Remmitances-Loss of money in economy
Attitudes Towards Migrants-Seen as competition
Pressure on Services-High birth rate,maternity services
Terror Attacks-Security services
Ppl Trafficing-Increased,organised crime
Integration-Language support teachers etc. , strain on resources
Government-Higher costs, translating leaflets, court translators
Increase in Racism-
Exploitation-Of workers that lack english skills and knowledge of their rights
Education-Limits schools cuz of catholic church schools
Define People Trafficing
The use of force or deception in moving migrants to countries where they can be exploited for labour (e.g. sex trade).
Rural to Urban Migration IReland
Socio Economic Impacts on donor regions
Mayo/Leitrim affected by rural depop.
Migration tends to be age selective impacting pop. structure
Dependency ratio increased
Decline In birth rates
Brain drain, skilled workers move away, lack of skilled labour force
Abandoned homes,farms, closure of schools
Reduced Local purchasing power, businesses close down
Public Transport reduced or discontinued
Rural to Urban Migration IReland
Socio Economic Impacts on Host areas
Age selective population increase- change in pop. structure
Higher Birth rates due to age selective migration
Increasing pressure on services
Increased demand for housing causes ppl to move to surrounding counties where homes are cheaper-> urban sprawl
Lack of proper public transport=car dependency= traffic congestion
Labour pool attracts industry
Increased demand for housing results in higher rents and housing shortages
Define Megacity
: A very large city with a population in excess of 10 million people.
Rural To Urban Migration in Developing world india
Socio economic impacts on rural areas
Rural Depopulation-Mostly men
Population Structure Changes
-children forced child labour,school attendance affected,no hope for future
Pattern of migration-all fam leaves
Rural To Urban Migration in Developing world india
Socio economic impacts on urban area
Kolkata-Chp22+30
Mumbai-Chp26
Overcrowding
Crime
Violence towards migrants
Poor health
Poor sanitation
Lack of clean water
Lack of employment
Exploitation of workers
Lack of electricity
Air pollution
Traffic congestion
What do EU migration policies aim to do
Manage legal immigration to address labour and skills shortages
Control irregular immigration
Deal with refugees and asylum seekers
What is EEA and what countries are in it
European Economic Area
All EU states, Norway Liechtenstein and Iceland
What is the EU Blue Card Scheme immigration policy
Ireland Denmark Uk dont participate
Aims to attract professionals and highly qualified workers from outside EU
Must have valid work contract for highly qualified employment for at least a year
Card holders have free movement within the Schengen area and are offered to bring their fam
What are irelands immigratipn policies
Critical Skills Emplpyment permit
They have 9 diff permit types
Critical Skills Employment Permit=aimed at attracting skilled migrants to ireland
Must secure a 2year job offer with minimum salary of 60k. Must be on the Highly skilled Eligible OccupationsList
What is the Highly Skilled Eligible Occupations List
This list describes occupations that are of vital importance to our economy but are in short supply within the labour market (e.g. radiographers, midwives).
Define refugee
A person who crosses an international border to escape from persecution, violence or conflict.
Define Asylum Seeker
A person who is awaiting determination of refugee status.
Define frontline countries
Countries where asylum seekers first arrive (eg Italy)
How does an asylum seeker become a regugee
Must apply to EU Common European Asylum System (CEAS)
What processes applications for asylum seekers in Ireland
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OFFICE
Eurpoean Migrant Crisis
2015 more than 1.2mil applied for asylum in EU.
Frontline countries (greece,italy) became responsible for dealing w them under the Dublin Regulation putting huge strain on services
Three main routes they took:
Eastern Mediterranean
Central Mediterranean
Western Mediterranean
Define Migrant Smuggling
Illegal movement of ppl accross borders purely for profit
Impacts of The European amigrant Crisis
Some countries temporarily reinstalled border control threatening free movement under the Schengen Agreement (Hungary)
Many are apposed to being forced to accept refugee quotas (Slovakia)
Support for Right wing political parties opposed to migration has increased
Responses to the European Migrant Crisis
rescued Mediterranean migrants sent to control centres, then to other countries, relieving pressure on frontline countries
Ash centres, genuine, asylum seekers, allocated and resettles. Two countries, irregular migrants, returned to their country of origin.
Investment in sub-Saharan Africa to reduce push factor
Reform of EU asylum policy is needed 
Define ethnic
Sharing a common and distinctive culture language or religion
Define xenophobia
Fear or hatred of people from other countries or cultures
Define salad bowl
All the cultures maintain their individual traits just like in a salad
Define melting pot
Ppl of diff ethnic backgrounds gradually blend together forming a single society
Define far right
Political terminology for extremely conservative and nationalist views
Nazis
Define radicalisation
individuals or groups, adopts, extreme political, religious or social beliefs and use extreme methods to have these adapted 
define Islamophobia
I dislike or fear of anyone who is a follower of Islam

Ethnic Issues Arosing from migration
• Migrants bring own language, culture, traditions, religion
• Attempts to integrate - melting pot or multicultural/salad bowl
• USA - dual Spanish and English signs facilitate Mexican immigrants
- objections
• Mounting tensions between natives and migrants - build a wall (USA);
border fences (Europe)
• Failure of integration policies - marginalisation (France, Belgium)
• Ethnic tensions within migrant groups - gang violence
Racial Issues Arising from Migration
• Racial profiling
• Security risks by certain groups - discriminatory policing
• Racially-based employment discrimination
• Sport - rise in racist taunts
• Europe - growing support for far-right politics
• USA - white supremacist movements, e.g. Ku Klux Klan
• Political parties and govt forced to adopt policies to limit migration
Religious Issues Arising from migration
• Migrants - religion part of cultural identity; Western Europe - increasingly secular
• Lack of integration - radicalisation, violence
• Terror attacks - growing
Islamophobia
• Religious dress code - issues
• Conflicts between migrants of different sects
• USA travel ban - religious discrimination
• Migrants to Middle East must conform to strict Islamic rules
