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CfE Higher Biology > 2.6 Environmental Control of Metabolism > Flashcards

2.6 Environmental Control of Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Archaea

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2
Q

Why are microorganisms useful in research and industrial processes?

A
  • cheap food substrate
  • grow fast
  • easy to cultivate
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3
Q

What do microorganisms need to survive?

A

Energy source and raw materials for biosynthesis

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4
Q

Give examples of molecules that microbes can be used to produce

A

Amino acids, vitamins, nucleic acids

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5
Q

If a micro-organism is photosynthetic where can they get their energy source?

A

Light energy

Chemical Substrates

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6
Q

What are examples of complex additional compounds that may be added to growth medium of cells?

A

Fatty Acids

Beef Extract

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7
Q

What four factors must be monitored when culturing cells?

A
  • Sterility
  • Temperature
  • Oxygen Concentration
  • PH

(STOP)

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8
Q

State two ways that contamination could be prevented

A 
Heat Sterilisation (using an autoclave)
Chemical Sterilisation (Disinfectants, Antiseptics)
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9
Q

What is an ‘Obligate Aerobe’

A

A microbe that requires a constant supply of oxygen

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10
Q

How can oxygen be supplied to a growth medium?

A

Aeration - oxygen is pumped into a liquid culture

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11
Q

Define ‘Sterile’

A

Free from contamination

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12
Q

Why is making the culture sterile important?

A

Contaminating Micro-organisms may compete for resources and limit the growth of culture and so this must be resolved

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13
Q

Why is a temperature an important factor to be controlled?

A

Important to ensure enzymes are working at their optimum in order to achieve the maximum growth rate

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14
Q

How is temperature monitored in a culture?

A

Using a thermometer

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15
Q

How can the temperature be decreased in a culture?

A

When microbes respire they release heat energy

Vessel is cooled by allowing cold water to flow over the outer surface of the fermentation tank

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16
Q

Define ‘growth’

A

Growth is the irreversible increase in dry biomass of an organism

17
Q

Define growth of a yeast colony

A

Increase in cell number

18
Q

What is ‘Generation Time’?

A

Number of time taken for one cell to divide into two daughter cells

19
Q

What is the difference between the total cell count and the viable cell count?

A

Total cell count - number of cells visible in field of view(dead or alive)
Viable cell count - number of cells that are alive

20
Q

What is used to count the total cell count and the viable cell count?

A

Haemocytometer

21
Q

What is trypan blue stain used for?

A

To identify the dead cells in a colony

22
Q

What are the four stages in the growth of a microorganism?

A

Lag
Log/Exponential
Stationary
Death

23
Q

Describe the Lag phase

A

Microbes are adjusting to condition

Producing enzymes to metabolise available substrates

24
Q

Describe the Death Phase

A

No substrate is left and toxic metabolites are building up causing the death rate of cells to increas

25
Q

Describe the Log/Exponential phase

A

Highest Rate of growth , microbe number is rapidly increasing

26
Q

Describe the Stationary Phase

A

Growth rate is equal to the death rate, culture has run out of substrates and secondary metabolites are being produced

27
Q

What is primary metabolism of a microorganism?

A

Occurs during lag and log phase
Breaks down available substrate to obtain energy
Produces primary metabolites that can be used for biosynthesis

28
Q

What does primary metabolism produce?

A

Primary metabolites that can be used for biosynthesis

29
Q

Give an example of a secondary metabolite that can confer an ecological advantage

A

Antibiotics

<ul>
<li>Inhibits the growth of other species of microorganisms and so reduce competition</li>
</ul>

30
Q

What is secondary metabolism of a microorganism?

A

Occurs at the end of log phases and produces substances that are not associated with growth

31
Q

What are the three molecules that can be added to control metabolism?

A

Inducers
Inhibitors
Precursors

32
Q

Define what an Inhibitor does

A

Prevents the breakdown of a desired product

33
Q

Define the function of an Precursor

A

Acted on by an enzyme leading to the product of a desired product

34
Q

Define the role of an Inducer

A

Triggers the production of a specific enzyme

35
Q

Free link to the brainscape advanced higher flashcards

A

https://www.brainscape.com/p/1L84J-LH-5HR7N

CfE Higher Biology (26 decks)

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