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CfE Higher Biology > 2.2 Cell Respiration > Flashcards

2.2 Cell Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘Respiration’?

A

A series of enzyme controlled reactions to breakdown glucose and release ATP

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2
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water

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3
Q

What is the preferred respiratory substrate?

A

Glucose

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4
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate

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5
Q

What are the two main roles of ATP?

A
  1. Act as energy transfer molecules

2. Carry out phosphorylation of molecules

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6
Q

What is ‘Phosphorylation’

A

Addition of an inorganic phosphate molecule

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7
Q

What is the reduced state of NAD?

A

NADH

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8
Q

Describe Reduction and Oxidation in terms of FAD

A

FAD - Oxidized State(loss of electrons)

FADH2- Reduced State(Gain of electrons)

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9
Q

What is the role of coenzymes in respiration?

A

Collect hydrogen ions and high energy electrons and deliver them to stage 3 of aerobic respiration

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10
Q

What is the role of dehydrogenase enzymes?

A

Remove hydrogen ions and high energy electrons during breakdown of glucose and pass them to coenzymes

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11
Q

What is the first stage of respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

What are the two stages known as in glycolysis?

A

Energy investment and Energy Payoff

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14
Q

What is meant by ‘Net gain of 2 ATP in Glycolysis’

A
  • Invest 2 ATP
  • Releases 4 ATP
    Two more ATP that put in
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15
Q

What happens in animals after glycolysis in the absence of oxygen?

A

Pyruvate is converted into Lactic Acid

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16
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

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17
Q

Is the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid reversible or irreversible?

A

Reversible

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18
Q

What is pyruvate converted into in the absence of oxygen in yeast cells?

A

Ethanol and C02

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19
Q

What is energy from the breakdown of ATP used for?

A

Muscle Contraction
Repair of Cells
Transport

20
Q

What is the optimum temperature for dehydrogenase enzymes?

A

37 degrees (human body temperature)

21
Q

What is the second stage of aerobic respiration?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

22
Q

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle Occur?

A

Matrix of Mitochondria

23
Q

How many carbons does Pyruvate contain?

24
Q

What does the citric acid cycle result in?

A
  • Generation of ATP
  • Release of CO2
  • Regeneration of Oxaloacetate
25
Q

What happens to pyruvate before it becomes part of the cycle?

A

Converted into Acetyl Group, and then combines with coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA

26
Q

What is released in the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA?

27
Q

How many carbons does Acetyl CoA contain?

28
Q

What does Acetyl CoA combine with to form citric acid?

A

Oxaloacetate

29
Q

How many carbons does oxaloacetate contain?

30
Q

At what two stages in the citric acid cycle is CO2 released?

A

During conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl Group and during the conversion of Citric Acid to Oxaloacetate

31
Q

What are the key products from stage 1 and 2 that are transported to stage 3?

A

NADH and FADH2

32
Q

How many carbons does Citric Acid contain?

33
Q

What do hydrogenase enzymes pass to coenzymes?

A

High energy electrons

Hydrogen Ions

34
Q

What is the final stage in aerobic respiration?

A

Electron Transport Chain

35
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

Inner membrane folds of the mitochondria(Cristae)

36
Q

**What is the final hydrogen/electron acceptor? **

37
Q

Why do we need to breathe in every few seconds (in relation to respiration)?

A

In order to provide oxygen as the final hydrogen/electron acceptor

38
Q

Describe the steps in the electron transport chain?

A
  • High energy electrons pump hydrogen ions across the membrane (provided by NADH and FADH2)
  • Return flow of hydrogen ions generate ATP Synthase
  • ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP to form ATP
  • Oxygen bonds with hydrogen and electrons to form Water
39
Q

Describe the roles of NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH2 provide hydrogen ions and high energy electrons. The high energy electrons are used to pump the hydrogen ions across the membrane.

40
Q

What can be used as an alternative respiratory substrate for Glucose?

A

Fructose and Maltose etc

Starch and Glycogen (Broken down forms)

41
Q

What can be used as an alternative respiratory substrate for pyruvate?

A

Glycerol and Amino Acids

42
Q

What can be used as an alternative respiratory substrate for acetyl CoA?

A

Fatty Acids and Amino Acids

43
Q

What is the only type of molecule that can be an alternative respiratory substrate for an intermediate of the citric acid cycle?

A

Protein(Amino Acid)

44
Q

What is released when amino acids are used as a respiratory substrate/

45
Q

Name the two hydrogen carriers in aerobic respiration

A

NAD and FAD

CfE Higher Biology (26 decks)

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