2.5.2 Introduction to Echocardiography

Question 1

What are some types of stress echocardiography?

Answer 1

Treadmill exercise, supine bicycle exercise, dobutamine infusion

Question 2

In doppler echocardiography, if the movement is above the baseline in what direction is the movement of the object?

Answer 2

Towards the transducer

Question 3

What is this doppler showing?

Answer 3

Aortic stenosis (note the rate of ejection is ~4m/s, whereas normal is ~2m/s)

Question 5

What is echocardiography?

Answer 5

The use of ultrasound for cardiac diagnosis

Question 6

This doppler echo is showing what?

Answer 6

Left ventricular outflow

Question 7

What are two important characteristics of the L ventricle in echocardiography?

Answer 7

Smooth-walled septum and mitral valve

Question 8

What is transesophageal echocardiography?

Answer 8

Small, high-frequency transducer modified on endoscope that is swallowed and allows for 180 degree image plane.

Question 9

Identify the four chambers

Answer 9

Question 10

What are these structures?

Answer 10

Question 11

What are two important charactertistics of the R ventricle in echocardiography?

Answer 11

Coarse trabeculations and tricuspid valve positioned more apically than mitral

Question 12

What does doppler echocardiography state?

Answer 12

The frequency of a sound wave changes (shifts) when it strikes a moving object (like an RBC)

Question 13

In doppler echocardiography, if the movement is below the baseline in what direction is the movement of the object?

Answer 13

Away from the transducer

Question 14

What are some important characteristics of the R atrium in echocardiography?

Answer 14

Eustachian valve, Os of coronary sinus, concavity of fossa ovalis

Question 15

This doppler echo is showing what?

Answer 15

Left ventricular inflow

Question 16

Where is the transducer in relation to the image sector?

Answer 16

The apex

Question 17

What is ultrasound?

Answer 17

A sound with a frequency higher than the audible range (>20,000cyles/second)

Question 18

In apical four chamber view, what is always true about the left side of the heart?

Answer 18

It is on the right side of the image

Question 19

In color flow mapping of doppler echocardiography, what is the acronym for what the colors represent?

Answer 19

BART

Blue Away, Red Toward

Question 20

What are the four stand transducer positions for 2-D echocardiography?

Answer 20

Left parasternal, Apical, Subcostal, Suprasternal notch

Question 21

What are these structures in the parasternal short axis view?

Answer 21

Question 22

Identify the four chambers

Answer 22

Question 23

What are some causes of suboptimal transthoracic image quality?

Answer 23

Body habitus (obesity, COPD, narrow intercostal spaces)

Burns/bandages on abdomen

Subcutaneous emphysema

Mechanical ventilation

Shadowing from prosthetic valve