1.1.4 Lungs and Mechanics of Breathing Flashcards
What are the two layers of the pleural membranes?
Visceral pleura - covers the lungs
Parietal pleura - covers the walls of the pleural cavity
What is the importance of the serous fluid in the pleural space?
The serous fluid allows movement of the diaphragm, thoracic cage, and thus the lungs, in virtual silence and little friction
What can happen if the pleural cavity is compromised?
Because the lung is at a “negative pressure” (lower than atmospheric pressure), the lung will collapse toward the hilar region because of elastic fibers within the lungs
What is pleurisy (pleuritis)?
Inflammation of the pleural membrane. Leading to pleural friction and adhesions of the visceral and parietal layers to each other. This condition can lead to sharp stabbing pain upon deep inhalation. Also there can be increased respirations due to nerve fibers in parietal pleura
What is the hilum?
Where the bronchus and pulmonary vessels enter and leave the lung
What is the pulmonary ligament?
It is an extra reflection of pleural membranes onto each other. Inferior to each hilar region.
What are the subtypes of pleura? (Draw it out)
What are the costomediastinal recess and the costodiaphragmatic recess? What is their importance?
Where do the right and left domes extend to? What accounts for the difference?
What is the diaphragm derived from?
What is the diaphragm innervated from?
The phrenic nerve from C3, 4, and 5
What are the 3 major openings on the diaphragm?
What supplies blood to the diaphragm?
The pericardiophrenic artery that runs along with the phrenic nerve
What is a Bochdalek herina?
A type of diaphragmatic hernia that occurs on the back and left side
What is a morgagni hernia?
A hole in the front of the diaphragm near xiphoid process
What is this an image of?
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
What are the inferior extents of the pleural and lungs for the following:
Mid-clavicular line (anteriorly)
Mid-axillary line
Medial edge of scapula
What is a pneumothorax?
It can be the result of injury to the wall of the lung or infection that causes a hole in the lung which allows air to be pulled into the pleural space. The inherent elasticity of the lung causes the lung to collapse on itself towardsthe hilum and mediastinum.
What is the this an image of?
Left sided tension pneumothorax
Primary pneumothorax tends to affect who?
Tall, thin men between ages of 20 and 40
Secondary pneumothorax is caused by what?
A known lung disease
What is a hemothorax?
An accumulation of blood in the pleural space, typically caused by injury to an intercostal vessel
What is a hydrothorax?
This is more commonly known as a pleural effusion. Excessive accumulation of serous fluid within the pleural space. Often of result of congestive heart failure.
What is Empyema?
A condition in which pus and fluid from infected tissue collects in a body cavity. Commonly used to refer to collections of pus in the space around the lungs (pleural cavity).
What are the main sources of blood in the pleural cavity that could cause a hemothorax?
What is a thoracentesis and a thoracotomy?
What is the importance of flotation of lungs at autopsy?
What is the difference between the right and left lung in regards to lobes and fissures?
What are the three principle lung surfaces?
What are the main impressions and hilum characteristics in the right lung?
What are the main impressions and hilum characteristics in the left lung?
What is the difference between the right and left bronchus?
Where are inhaled foreign bodies most likely to end up? Why is this?
Since the right bronchus is wider, shorter and runs more vertically most aspirated foreign bodies end up blocking the right inferior lobar bronchus
Explain the differences in pleural pain and what causes this?
What are the basic mechanisms of breathing?
What are the characteristics of inspiration and expiration during quiet respiration?
What are the characteristics of inspiration and expiration during forced respiration?
What is emphysema?
What are hiccups?
What is a pulmonary emboli?
