2.3 Leadership

Question 1

The key functions of management ?

Answer 1

According Henri Fayol:
✓ to plan,
✓.to organize,
✓ to command,
✓ to coordinate and
✓ to control.
may work on similar tasks as the subordinates as well but not necessarily

Question 2

Manager vs leader?

Answer 2

✓ A manager’s role is to plan and oversee the work of a group.
✓ In contrast, a leader’s role is to motivate and inspire. Usually this involves trust and having a vision to spread.

Question 3

Autocratic leadership?

Answer 3

✓ Leaders holds onto as much power as they can.
✓ make all decisions and
✓ their instructions should be obeyed.

Question 4

Paternalistic leadership?

Answer 4

✓ A lot of decision-making power similar to autocratic style.
✓ Concern for their employees and
✓ instill trust and loyalty.

Question 5

Laissez-faire leadership

Answer 5

✓ Allows much freedom.
✓ Employees can set their own goals and manage problems as they see it.
✓ The manager is viewed as support
e.i. Universities, may be school with highly professional teachers

Question 6

Democratic leadership

Answer 6

✓ The leader will involve employees in decision making and inform them of issues which will affect them.
✓ This involves also burdening with the responsibility the subordinates
✓ the manager is viewed as support

Question 7

Benefits of autocratic leadership?

Answer 7

✓ Quick decisions
✓ Clear lines of authority

Question 8

Limitations of autocratic leadership?

Answer 8

✓ Qualified workers may be demotivated not to have command over their activities

✓ Unskilled workers with experience of other styles may be demotivated as well

✓ Workers will be unwilling to develop themselves as they are always guided.

Question 9

Benefits of paternalistic leadership?

Answer 9

✓ Workers do not want to let the leader down
✓ Workers are proud of their companies, they feel ownership.

Question 10

Limitations of paternalistic leadership?

Answer 10

✓ Leaders place high value on loyalty and may not have a critical eye when evaluating employees’ performance. They may come across as “playing favourites”
✓ Workers may take advantage or the leaders’s loyalty to them

Question 11

Is democratic leadership a true democracy?

Answer 11

Truly democratic leadership is rare in business or any organization, as ultimately one role of a leader is to make decisions. Thus, a more common type is one who consults employees regularly. However, because the leader is ultimately responsible for the decisions of the team, the leader will have the final say.

Question 12

Limitation of democratic leadership?

Answer 12

may be
✓ slow
✓ time-consuming
✓ may be inefficient with low-skilled and termporary workers

Question 13

Factors affecting a Situational leadership?

Answer 13

✓the nature of the employees (unskilled /skilled)
✓the standardization levels of the company ✓nature of the external circumstances

e.i. In emergency situations, even highly democratic leaders will often become autocratic

Question 14

Benefit of situational leadership?

Answer 14

Leaders match their style to the circumstances at hand

Question 15

Limitation of a situational leadership?

Answer 15

✓ A leader may too frequently change styles or
✓ may change styles when the circumstances of the situation determining the switch are not clear to employees (which may lead to constant confusions, and blaming)

Question 16

Leadership vs ethics?

Answer 16

Any human being is influenced by ethical considerations and so are managers and leaders.

However:

Leaders, as opposed to managers, focus on “doing the right thing” with respect to their people, whereas managers tend to do the right thing with respect to their organizations.

Leaders are willing, if necessary, to take the blame for bad outcomes to the organization if it means serving their employees by protecting them from excessive or unwarranted criticism.

Ethical behaviour is so central to leadership that many would argue that an unethical leader is not a leader at all.

Question 17

Leadership vs culture (or cultural dimensions of Hofstede?)

Answer 17

Different culture will respond to leadership styles (from leaders perspective or from workers perspective) differently, depending e.i. these indexes:

● power distance
● individualism
● uncertainty avoidance
● masculinity
● long-term orientation.
● indulgence.

Question 18

Democratic vs Laissez-Faire ?

Answer 18

Democratic - manager empowers and supports staff, allowing employees to have a more participative role in the decision making process. Both parties are involved with their shares of responsibilities.

Laissez-Faire - leader/manager does not engage in decision making, he is just supporting when there are problems

Question 19

In what type of culture will a person, after suffering an injury, be focused on self-sufficiency and independence. Caretakers may see their role as primarily to facilitate a return to self-care.

(in accordance of Hofstede Theory)

Answer 19

An adult with a highly individualistic cultural background

Question 20

Hofstede notes, “all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others.”

By which index/dimension of Hofstede is measured the equality among society members?

Answer 20

Power distance

Question 21

Define indulgence dimension by Hofstede

Answer 21

This dimension identifies the extent to which a society allows “relatively free gratification of basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun,” as represented by the “indulgence” point on the continuum, relative to a society that “controls gratification of needs and regulates by means of strict social norms” (Hofstede 2011).

Question 22

Clinicians often encounter questions about prognosis and outcome when working with patients.

Which dimension/index of Hofstede indicates that Individuals of one particular society have a stronger need for a definitive prognosis, time line, and outcomes expectations.

Answer 22

Uncertainty avoidance