23 - Apoptosis/Necrosis

Question 1

What are some cell accumulation disorders?

Answer 1

Cancer, viral infections, lupus erythematosus

Question 2

What are some cell loss disorders?

Answer 2

AIDS, Alzheimers disease, parkinsons disease, myocardial infarction

Question 3

Two main groups of tumors?

Answer 3

Benign and Malignant
Benign neoplasms (tumors) grow slowly and do not move location
Malignant neoplasms grow rapidly and spreads (This one is cancer)

Question 4

What is a Carcinoma and what does it affect?

Answer 4

Malignant tumor from the epithelial cells and it affects glands involved with secretion

Question 5

What is a Sarcoma and what does it affect?

Answer 5

Malignant tumor growing from connective tissue and it affects cartilage, fat, muscle, tendons, bones

Question 6

Example of a sarcoma?

Answer 6

Osteosarcoma (bone)

Chondrosarcomas (cartilage)

Question 7

What is Leukemia?

Answer 7

Cancer of the blood or bone marrow

Question 8

What is Melanoma?

Answer 8

Malignant tumor of the melanoycytes

Question 9

Benign and Malignant tumor of Squamous tissue?

Answer 9

Benign: squamous cell papilloma
Malignant: squamous cell carcinoma

Question 10

Benign and Malignant tumor of glandular tissue?

Answer 10

Benign: Adenoma
Malignant: Adenocarcinoma

Question 11

Benign and Malignant tumor of Transitional tissue?

Answer 11

Benign: Transitional cell papilloma
Malignant: Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 12

Benign and Malignant tumor of the Thyroid?

Answer 12

Benign: Thyroid adenoma
Malignant: Thyroid adenocarcinoma

Question 13

Benign and Malignant tumor of the Kidney?

Answer 13

Benign: Renal adenoma
Malignant: Rena cell carcinoma

Question 14

Benign and Malignant tumor of the Liver?

Answer 14

Benign: Hepatic adenoma
Malignant: Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 15

Benign and Malignant tumor of Fibrous Tissue?

Answer 15

Benign: Fibroma
Malignant: Fibrosarcoma

Question 16

Benign and Malignant tumor of bone?

Answer 16

Benign: Osteoma
Malignant: Osteosarcoma

Question 17

Benign and Malignant tumor of cartilage?

Answer 17

Benign: Chondroma
Malignant: Chondrosarcoma

Question 18

Benign and Malignant tumor of Adipose Tissue?

Answer 18

Benign: Lipoma
Malignant: Liposarcoma

Question 19

Steps of metastasis hepatocellular carcinoma?

Answer 19

Cells grow as benign neoplasms, break through the basal lamina, invades capillary, adhere to blood vessel wall in liver, escape from blood vessel (extravasation), proliferates to form metastasis in liver

Question 20

What percent of cancers are carcinomas? Why?

Answer 20

90%, most of the cell proliferation (cell growth) happens in the epithelial cells and higher exposure to physical and chemical damage

Question 21

Tumor formation theories?

Answer 21

Clonal evolution (repeated rounds of cell growth)
Stem cell (inside a tumor there is a cancer stem cell that will spread and proliferate)

Question 22

Two ways for a cell to die?

Answer 22

Apoptosis and Necrosis

Question 23

Necrosis

Answer 23

PASSIVE and take days, cell swells, damage to the plasma membrane, cell pops and damages surrounding tissue resulting in inflammation

Question 24

Apoptosis

Answer 24

ACTIVE and take hours, cell shrinks, no damage to the plasma membrane, plasma membrane blebbs, fragmentation of the nucleus, capase cascade activation, no inflammation

Question 25

During apoptosis what is release to inhibit inflammation?

Answer 25

IL-10 and TGF-beta to inhibit inflammation

Question 26

What are the two pathways of apoptosis?

Answer 26

Intrinsic and Extrinsic

Question 27

What is the intrinsic pathway if there is DNA damage?

Answer 27

the DNA damage is a death signal, from the death signal BAX (pro-apoptotic protein) is inserted into the mitochondrial membrane where the mitochondria releases cytochrome c which activates Apaf-1, from Apaf-1 caspase 9 is activated and apoptosome is formed.

Question 28

Extrinsic pathway

Answer 28

It is started by extracellular ligands binding to the cell surface death receptors, which leads to the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), after the formation of DISC the cell goes through intracellular apoptotic signaling in response to stress = cell suicide

Question 29

What are the initiator caspases?

Answer 29

Caspases 2,8,9,10

Question 30

What are the effector caspases?

Answer 30

These ones actually initiate the apoptotic process. Caspases 3,6,7

Question 31

Which proteins are pro-apoptotic?

Answer 31

Bid (links intrinsic and extrinsic), Bax & Bak (makes the mitochondria membrane permeable)

Question 32

Which proteins are anti-apoptotic?

Answer 32

Bcl-2, Bcl-xL