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Week 1 (20-24) > 21 - cell cycle > Flashcards

21 - cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

-Synthesis of proteins, organelles -First growth phase -Time varies

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2
Q

What is a Mitogen and which phase does work with?

A

Mitogen stimulates growth by pushing cell division. -Mitogens function via cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) Present in G1

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3
Q

What is the S phase?

A

-Synthesis of DNA -1 chromosome = 2 sister chromatids

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4
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

-Growth in preparation for Mitosis

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5
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

-May occur in absence of mitogen stimulation -It is not a dividing state, most cells are here

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6
Q

What cells are always in G0?

A

Neurons, Skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Which cells are often in G0?

A

Liver cells

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8
Q

Which cells go in and out of G0?

A

Fibroblast and Lymphocytes

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9
Q

What are Labile cells?

A

-Rapidly dividing -Never in G0

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10
Q

Example of Labile cells?

A

Bone marrow, GI epi cells, hair follicles

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11
Q

Why does chemotherapy effect Labile cells?

A

Because they are always dividing, never in G0

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12
Q

Phases of Mitosis?

A

-Prophase -Prometaphase -Metaphase -Anaphase Telophase

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13
Q

Prometaphase

A

-Chromosomes organize on mitotic spindle

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14
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

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15
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes seperate

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16
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle breaks down and the the cell divides (Cytokinesis)

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17
Q

Checkpoints curing the cell cycle?

A

G1-S (Prior to S phase entry)

G2-M (Prior to Mitosis)

M phase (Prior to anaphase/cytokinesis)

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18
Q

What do all check points depend on? and how do you activate them?

A

Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks)

  • Cdks are always present but inactive, they are activated by cyclins
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19
Q

What happens if there is damage found in G1? and what is present??

A

Cell division is stopped

  • ATM pathway (activated by double strand breaks)
  • ATR pathway (single stranded break)

P53 is phosphorylated and induces p21. P21 protein binds to Cdks and the progression is stopped.

20
Q

Retinoblastoma

A
  • Rare childhood eye malignancy
  • Abnormal Rb resulting in free E2F = unregulated cell growth
21
Q

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

A
  • Multiple malignancies at early age
  • mutation in P53 = no arrest if damage present
22
Q

What are the five stages of prophase I?

A

Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis,

23
Q

What is happening in Leptotene?

A

Sister chromosomes connect

24
Q

What is happening in Zygotene?

A

Form the synaptonemal complex (binds chromosomes together)

25
Q

What is happening in the Pachytene phase?

A

The synaptonemal complex is complete

26
Q

What is happening in the Diplotene?

A

The Synaptonemal complex begins to break down

27
Q

What is happening in the Diakinesis?

A

The nucleus and the nuclear envelope disapear.

28
Q

2 events in meiosis that increase genetic diversity?

A

Random assortment and crossing over

29
Q

What is the role of telomerase?

A

Prevents the loss of DNA by putting a Guanine chain on the end.

30
Q

3 major types of protein filament that form the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin, Intermediate, and microtubules

31
Q

Function of the centrosome? and which end points out of the centrosome?

A

Organize microtubules and initiate microtubule formation. The positive is pointing out and the negative is in.

32
Q

What are the microtubule motors?

A

Dynein, move in (-) retrograde direction

Kinesin, move in (+) anterograde direction

33
Q

Steady state

A

A state that doesnt change with time and that needs energy

34
Q

Equilibrium

A

When everything stays the same with no energy change

35
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Just trying to return to equilibrium

36
Q

Positive feedback

A

Amplification of an effect

37
Q

Feed-Forward

A

Anticapation for a change in a variable before it happens

38
Q

What are the set point deviations?

A

Circadian rhythm, environmental changes, protective response, ageing

39
Q

G1 phase regulation?

A

Cyclin D, Cdk4/6

Rb

p53

40
Q

S phase regulation?

A

Cyclins E and A, Cdk2

41
Q

G2 phase regulation?

A

Cyclin A, Cdk 1

42
Q

M phase regulation?

A

Cyclin B, Cdk 1

APC

43
Q

cdc25c?

A

cell division cycle 25C triggers G2 to M progression

44
Q
A
45
Q
A

Week 1 (20-24) (14 decks)

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