2.3/2.4 The Neural and Chemical regulation of Pulmonary ventilation and the receptors involved

Question 1

what are stretch receptors

Answer 1

a sensory receptor that responds to the over-expanding of the lungs

Question 2

what is the inspiratory centre

Answer 2

located in the medulla oblongata and responsilbe for inspiration

Question 3

what is the expiratory centre

Answer 3

located in the medulla oblongata and responsible for expiration

Question 4

what receptors send impulses to the inspiratory centre

Answer 4

baroreceptors, chemoreceptors and proprioceptors

Question 5

which receptors sends impulses to the expiratory centre

Answer 5

stretch receptors

Question 6

which nerve increases breathing rate

Answer 6

phrenic nerve

Question 7

which nerve decreases breathing rate

Answer 7

intercostal nerve

Question 8

how is breathing rate increased

Answer 8

1 - chemoreceptors detect an increase in CO2 in blood
2 - an impulse is sent to the medulla oblongata
3 - sympathetic nervous system is stimulated
4 - nerve impulses are sent via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles
5 - breathing rate and depth are increased

Question 9

characteristics of chemical control

Answer 9

• controlled with chemoreceptors in the aorta and medulla oblongata
• detection of changes in blood acidity levels, caused by carbon dioxide
• chemoreceptors stimulate increased breathing rate via the ICC

Question 10

characteristics of neural control

Answer 10

• baroreceptors and proprioceptors detect changes in movement and stimulate the respiratory centre
• temperature increases detected by thermoreceptors causing an increase in respiratory rate
• as lungs expand, stretch receptors in lungs stimulate ECC to cause expiration

Question 11

characteristics of hormonal control

Answer 11

• adrenaline is released by the adrenal gland
• this stimulated the sympathetic nervous system which increases breathing rate
• acetylcholine triggers parasympathetic nervous system which slows does the heart rate and therefore breathing rate back to resting rate

Question 12

what hormone stimulates parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 12

acetylcholine

Question 13

which muscles are responsible for rate of breathing

Answer 13

intercostal muscles and diaphragm

Question 14

which muscles are responsible for increasing depth of breathing

Answer 14

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, abdominals