2.2.6: Global governance of the Earth's oceans

Question 1

Governance

Answer 1

Steering, looking after. Not law making.

Question 2

Government

Answer 2

Law-making.

Question 3

United Nations

Answer 3

Intergovernmental organisation that aims to maintain international peace and security.

Question 4

UNESCO

Answer 4

The United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organisation

Question 5

EU

Answer 5

Political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe.

Question 6

G7

Answer 6

Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan and USA

Question 7

G8

Answer 7

G7 with Russia but then Russia was uninvited in 2014.

Question 8

G20

Answer 8

19 countries and EU. International forum for the governments and central bank governors.

Question 9

G77

Answer 9

Coalition of 134 developing countries

Question 10

NATO

Answer 10

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.

Intergovernmental military alliance between 30 North American and European countries

Question 11

UNCLOS

Answer 11

UN convention on the law of the seas.

1982

Question 12

EEZ’s

Answer 12

Exclusive economic zones.

Question 13

Exclusive economic zones

Answer 13

Countries have the right to 200 nautical miles beyond their coastline

Question 14

Sustainable management of oceans

Answer 14

sustainable development goals
- ‘life below water’
EU maritime directive

Question 15

Modern day maritime superpowers

2

Answer 15

USA and China

Question 16

Maritime security issues

2

Answer 16

oil transit chokepoints

risk of piracy hotspots

Question 17

Oil transit chokepoints

Answer 17

Narrow channels along a global sea route where restrictions in the number and size of vessels must be put in place.

Question 18

Percentage of the world’s oil production that moves on oceans

Answer 18

63%

Question 19

World’s most important strategic chokepoints by volume of oil transit
2

Answer 19

Strait of Hormuz

Strait of Malacca

Question 20

Disruptions to the Straits of Hormuz and Malacca can affect

2

Answer 20

oil prices

lengthen shipping journeys

Question 21

Strait of Hormuz

Answer 21

21 miles wide at narrowest point

A territorial water between UAE, Iran, Oman

Question 22

Strait of Malacca

location width

Answer 22

40 miles wide at narrowest point

Connects the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, between Malaysia and an Indonesian island.

Question 23

How many barrels a day through the Strait of Hormuz

Answer 23

21 million

Question 24

The risk of piracy hotspots

Answer 24

Involves pirates in small fast boats approaching and boarding larger, slower ships to rob them of cargo such as oil, carparts, crew valuables, seizing crew/ship for ransom.

Question 25

Examples of piracy hotspots

2

Answer 25

Somalia

South- East Asia

Question 26

Piracy hotspot: Somalia

Answer 26

problem in 2008, peaked in 2011
$10 billion cost of piracy in 2011
governments and international institutions deployed naval patrols and ship owners created defences such as water canons, guards, barbed wire and ships re-routed
No successful hostages in 2019

Question 27

Piracy hotspot: South-East Asia

Answer 27

shift from East Africa
6/10 sea crimes here
pirates siphon oil from slow moving oil tankers
in 2015, $5 million worth of oil products were stolen by Indonesian pirates
improved aerial and nautical surveillance and co-ordination of governments decreased the no. of attacks and attempts from 2010-2019.
In 2020, the pandemic increased numbers again as shift to public safety focus on land