2.2.5: Rural to urban migration in developing countries

Question 1

Rural to urban migration globally is

Answer 1

the most significant movement happening

Question 2

Rural to urban migration

Answer 2

the movement of people from rural areas to live in urban areas

Question 3

Urbanisation

Answer 3

Increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas

Question 4

Push factors to urban areas

5

Answer 4

(relative) poverty
large companies push out subsistence farmers
less people needed for farming due to new tech
globalisation gives knowledge of outside world
transport improvements

Question 5

Pull factor to urban areas employment

4

Answer 5

Jobs
MNCs, offices and factories based there
informal works sector opportunities
special economic zones

Question 6

Special economic zones

Answer 6

Areas where MNCs locate and lots of industrial activity in major Asian countries such as China, India and Indonesia

Question 7

Special economic zones
features
4

Answer 7

export processing zones
special industrial areas
often near a coastline
low tax

Question 8

Export processing zones

4 features

Answer 8

huge urban populations
over 200 in India now
low tax
rural to urban migration directed there

Question 9

Consequences of rural to urban migration on rural areas

5

Answer 9

Young, economically active, ambitious people most likely to move
Elderly people who remain may be unable to do agricultural work
brain drain
more vulnerable to land grabs
high cost of installing infrastructure

Question 10

Consequences of rural to urban migration on urban areas

4

Answer 10

rapid growth of cities
increase in size of cities = congestion > pollution
jobs available to migrants are often poorly paid > can’t improve living situation
lack of suitable housing leads to growth of slums

Question 11

Mega city

Answer 11

10 million people

Question 12

How many mega cities

Answer 12

3 in 1970

30 in 2020

Question 13

Informal housing

Answer 13

slums

Question 14

Urban problems

4

Answer 14

lack of sanitation, electricity, education
environmental issues such as waste, water, air pollution
economic challenges such as informal economies
informal housing

Question 15

Ruralisation

Answer 15

Investing in modern, self-sufficient villages that young people are less likely to leave.

Question 16

Government action in order to cause ruralisation

4

Answer 16

guarantee:

roads, water, sanitation, schools, electricity