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MSK Week 2 > 2.2.1. Neural Tissue > Flashcards

2.2.1. Neural Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

parts of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

parts of PNS

A

cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves

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3
Q

afferent neurons function

A

sensory and receptor neurons. Carry nerve impulse from receptors or sense organs toward CNS

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4
Q

efferent neurons function

A

motor or effector neurons that carry nerve impulses away from CNS to effectors such as muscles or glands

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5
Q

somatic nervous system function

A

regulates voluntary body movements

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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates involuntary body movements

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7
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

part of autonomic nervous system and stimulates fight or flight response as well as homeostasis

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8
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of autonomic nervous system and responsible for rest and digest or regulation of internal organs and glands

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9
Q

Neuron components

A
  1. cell body (soma)
  2. axon (transmit)
  3. dendrites (receive)
  4. nerve terminals
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10
Q

astrocyte (astroglia)

A

star shaped glial cell in CNS that provide mechanical/structural support

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11
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

type of neuroglia. Function is to support and insulate axons of CNS via myelin sheet

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12
Q

glial cells

A

non-neural cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for CNS and PNS

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13
Q

steps of neurotransmission

A
  1. depolarization of presynaptic membrane which induces opening of calcium channels
  2. Influx of calcium into presynaptic neuron causes vesicles in presynaptic neuron to release neurotransmitters into synapse
  3. Neurotransmitters in synapse bind to receptors in postsynaptic region which causes depolarization in postsynaptic membrane
  4. membrane retrieval occurs by coated vesicles
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14
Q

gray matter composition

A

mostly cellular elements: cell bodies of neurons and astroglia with dendrites covered by synapses

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15
Q

white matter composition

A

mostly axons covered by myelin sheet (oligodendrocytes)

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16
Q

Ectoderm is source for this tissue

A
  1. epithelial

2. neural

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17
Q

neuron cell body characteristics

A
  1. large nucleus
  2. light cytoplasm with high transcription rate
  3. contains nissl bodies (granules of RER)
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18
Q

dendrite characteristics

A
  1. multiple per neuron and vary in shape
  2. receptive surface of neurons and form dendritic spines at the postsynaptic element
  3. motile
  4. dendrites are extensions of neuronal perikaryon (bulbous part of the neuron with the nucleus)
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19
Q

axon characteristics

A
  1. one per neuron but may branch
  2. thin (.1 to 25 micron) but long (up to several feet)
  3. highway for neurons: massive macromolecular and organelle movement (axonal transport)
  4. contain neurofilaments, microtubules, mitochondria
  5. do not contain ribosomes or golgi
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20
Q

synapse definition

A

specialized junction enabling communication between pre and postsynaptic neuron

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21
Q

nerve terminal characteristics

A
  1. precede a synapse
  2. communication is chemical and electrical in nature
  3. presynaptic nerve terminal contain synaptic vesicles that store and release chemical messenger molecules (neurotransmitters)
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22
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A
  1. classical
  2. peptide
  3. other
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23
Q

classic neurotransmitter

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. epinephrine
  3. norepinephrine
  4. dopamine
  5. serotonin
  6. glutamate
  7. aspartate
  8. GABA
24
Q

peptide neurotransmitter

A
  1. encephalin
  2. VIP
  3. neurotensin
  4. substance P
  5. CGRP
25
other type neurotransmitter
1. NO 2. CO 3. adenosine 4. growth factors
26
Types of neurons
1. sensory 2. motor 3. intermediate
27
classification of neuron
1. unipolar: one dendrite OR one axon 2. pseudounipolar: one process that branches into a dendrite AND an axon 3. bipolar: one dendrite and one axon 4. multipolar: many dendrites and one axon
28
supporting cells
1. astroglia 2. oligodendrocytes 3. microglial cells 4. ependymal cells
29
function of astroglia
1. mechanical/structural support 2. react to injuries (gliosis - proliferation of more glial cells) 3. metabolic support via nourishing neurons with glucose, taking up toxic metabolites, and regulating access to brain parenchyma
30
function of oligodendrocyte
wrap axons in the CNS with multiple processes that form multilayer myelin sheets (insulation for fast transmission)
31
node of Ranvier structure and function
structure: gap between myelin segments that contains a high density of Na ion channels function: permits signal transduction. Also allows fast efficient travel of impulses via saltatory conduction
32
saltatory conduction
propagation of action potentials of myelin axons from one node of Ranvier to the next increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials
33
microglial cell function
resident immune cell of CNS which phagocytose cellular debris. They are of monocytic origin
34
What makes up a peripheral nerve?
Endoneurium (inner) Perineurium (around) Epineurium(outer)
35
What part of the peripheral nerve must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment?
Perineurium (permeability barrier): surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers
36
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Prevents circulating blood substances from reaching the CSF/CNS Formed by 3 structures: 1. Tight junctions b/w non-fenestrated capillary endothelial cells 2. Basement membrane 3. Astrocyte foot processes
37
What can rapidly diffuse through the BBB?
Non-polar/lipid-soluble substances | glucose and amino acids cross slowly
38
Histologically, how to distinguish b/w the cell body and the axon?
Axons do not have RER and, therefore, will not stain with the Nissl substance like cell bodies and dendrites will
39
Wallerian degeneration
If an axon is injured it will undergo degeneration distal to the injury and axonal retraction proximally (allows for potential regeneration of axon if injury occurs in the PNS)
40
"Fried egg" appearance on H&E stain
Oligodendrocytes (smaller than astrocytes with shorter and fewer processes)
41
Reactive gliosis
Proliferation/hypertrophy of astrocytes in response to neural injury
42
Multiple sclerosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and leukodystrophies
Central myelinating diseases that destroy oligodendrocytes
43
Ependymal cells
Line the cerebral ventricles and central canal; also involved in CSF production and circulation (lined with stereocilia)
44
Schwann Cells
Derived from the neural crest, myelinate one and only one PNS axon leading to increased conduction velocity via saltatory conduction b/w nodes of Ranvier; also promote axonal regeneration
45
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Consequence is schwann cell destruction
46
Acoustic neuroma
Type of schwannoma (tumor); typically located in internal acoustic meatus (CN VII); if bilateral, strongly associated with neurofibromatosis type 2
47
Vasogenic edema
infarction and/or neoplasm that destroys endothelial cell tight junctions
48
Neural Tube
Where neurons and glia of the CNS develop
49
Neural Crest
Where neurons and glia of the PNS develop
50
Kinesins and dyneins
Kinesins: involved in the movement of organelles and vesicles down the axon Dyneins: movement of organelles, vesicles, and possibly microtubule fragments towards the cell body
51
Neural Development of the Neural Plate
Notochord induces the ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form the neural plate, then the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc
52
What does the neural plate give rise to?
Neural Tube and Neural Crest cells
53
Alar plate
Dorsal (sensory)
54
Basal Plate
Ventral (motor)
55
What does the neuroectoderm give rise to?
CNS, ependymal cells, oligodendroglia, and astrocytes
56
What does the neural crest give rise to?
PNS neurons, Schwann cells
57
What does the mesoderm give rise to?
FIRST AID: Microglia (like Macrophages, originate from Mesoderm)

MSK Week 2 (28 decks)

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