2.2 ventilatory system Flashcards
state the compositions of the blood
erythrocytes (RB cells) are 45%
leukocytes (WB cells) and thrombocytes (platlets) are 1%
plasma is 55%
function of erythrocytes
carries the oxyhemoglobin and transports gases and nutrient around the body
function of leucocytes
protects the body from infections and diseases
function of platlets
protect the body from bleeding out, when blood vessel is damaged signals will be sent to clot the area
relationship between pulmonary and systemic circulation
the pulmonary circulation starts at the right atrium with deoxygenated blood, that blood then travels through to the pulmonary artery to then get oxygenated at the lungs.
This oxygenated blood then comes back in through the pulmonary vein and the blood travels to the left atrium where the pulmonary circulation stops and the systemic circulatory system starts.
The oxygenated blood goes up through the aorta to the rest of the bodys muscles and organs to transfer the blood then comes back in through the vena cava to the right atrium where the pulmonary circulation starts again.
intrinsic regulation of heart beat
the SA node is located in the right atrium and is responsible for both atriums contracting at the same time. the SA node sends an impulse to the AV node which is located in the centre of the heart, its impulse then gets sent to the ventricles through the bundle of his which then travels to the purkinje fibres which allow the ventricle walls to contract.
exercise or adrenaline (which gets released by the adrenal medula) increases the impulse rate which increases the heart rate, pumping more blood out the heart
extrinsic regulation of heart beat
there are two systems: sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
sympathetic nervous system prepares you to fight or flight which includes release of adrenaline. the bronchi dilate to allow more air to come in. the digestive system blood flow is restricted allowing it go to the heart and muscles.
parasympathetic nervous system causes you to rest and digest which includes the release of acetylcholine decreases the heart rate. the bronchi constricts which allows less air to come in. The digestive system blood flow is promoted.
adrenaline also impacts the glucose production which impacts digestion
relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate
the short term no change, only during or right after exercise, heart rate will increase
the long term is the effect that comes after consistent training for over a month. the Q is said to slightly increase. your heart rate will decrease because your heart gets stronger this means that the stroke volume will increase as more blood can be pumped out because each pump is stronger. the heart rate will decrease because theres less pressure on it to pump a certain amount of blood because that demand is being made.
cardiac output
the stroke volume x the heart rate. the amount of blood that leaves the heart per minute
stroke volume
the amount of blood ejected out the aorta with each heart beat
heart rate
the amount of times your heart beats per minute
RS with SV and HR with UNTRAINED VS UNTRAINED
trained athlete will have a stronger heart so LOWER HR AND HIGHER SV
RS with SV and HR with MALES VS FEMALES
on average males are bigger than females so their heart would be bigger too this means higher SV and lower HR. cardiac output would also be higher because males are bigger
RS with SV and HR with YOUNG VS OLD
when resting…
young has lower resting heart rate
old has higher resting heart rate
when exercising…
young increases much more than older person this gives them a smaller range for exercise so intensity cant get as high.
the stroke volume for younger person is stronger because heart is stronger.
the cardiac output for younger person will be higher than older person
cardiovascular drift
define systolic
means to ‘contract and spill’
the force exerted on the wall of the artery as blood is ejected from the ventricles
define distolic
means to ‘relax and fill’
the force exerted on the artery walls as the blood fills the ventricles
define blood pressure
the amount of force applied onto the arterial walls
how bp responds to dynamic exercise
systolic will inc and diastolic will stay the same or decrease
dynamic exercise
muscles contract and relax like a run, press up
static exercise
a plank or weights
why is there a different response to exercise with dynamic and static
they both increase cardiac output (HR and SV) but with dynamic more muscles are worked. the blood vessels of these muscles dilate, increasing the systolic blood pressure and reducing the diastolic blood pressure.
less muscle groups are required for static exercise, yet there is still an inc in Q, therefore an inc in blood flow for the non recruited muscles occurs because they’re in a less constrictive state.
redistribution of blood during exercise
at rest:
digestive organs — 25%
heart — 5%
muscles — 20%
brain — 15%
kidneys — 20%
skin — 5%
bones — 5%
during exercise:
muscles — 85% CLEAR INCREASE
but there is a difference between percentage and actual litres of blood because in some cases like brain, skin and bones the blood stays the same because when exercising instead of just 5 litres travelling around the body theres 25 litres.
cardiovascular adaptations; hypertrophy
the increase in strength of the heart.
there will be an increase in left ventricular contraction force (it contracts faster and stronger) meaning there is an increased SV , this means that there will be a dec in resting heart rate and working HR.
cardiovascular adaptations; increased capillarisation around lungs and muscles
therefore more gas exchange can take place which delivers more oxygen. gaseous exchange
there is a higher density in capillaries
cardiovascular adaptations; increased atreio-venus oxygen difference
this means that there is a large amount of oxygen approaching the muscle at the artery end (carries blood away from heart) but then most the oxygen diffuses because of the large capillary network so when it gets to the venus end there is less oxygen. so more oxygen gets diffused into the muscle.
what is the maximal oxygen consumption?
it is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed at one time. its the relationship between heart lungs and muscles to delivr oxygen to working muscle cells.
with a higher vo2 max, the fitter you’re and ability to perform at a higher intensity for longer. measured in ml/kg/min.
the difference in VO2 max with different modes of exercise
depending on how much your muscles are exerted and how many muscles groups are being used the vo2 max will vary. eg running vs cycling vs bicep curl
the difference in VO2 max between young vs old
young will have a higher because their maximum heart rate is also higher, muscles will be older or not as trained generally.
the difference in VO2 max between athlete vs non athlete
they can both be ‘trained’ but althete is generally when you have talent (genetics) regarding how much you train which is why they become athletes
the difference in VO2 max between trained vs untrained
trained will have more adaptations meaning the relationship will be stronger and a higher vo2 max
the difference in VO2 max between females vs males
men are generally a bigger size meaning the heart, muscles and lungs will be bigger resulting in more gas being exchanged, more can be breathed in creating a bigger vo2 max
