2.2 ventilatory system

Question 1

state the compositions of the blood

Answer 1

erythrocytes (RB cells) are 45%
leukocytes (WB cells) and thrombocytes (platlets) are 1%
plasma is 55%

Question 2

function of erythrocytes

Answer 2

carries the oxyhemoglobin and transports gases and nutrient around the body

Question 3

function of leucocytes

Answer 3

protects the body from infections and diseases

Question 4

function of platlets

Answer 4

protect the body from bleeding out, when blood vessel is damaged signals will be sent to clot the area

Question 5

relationship between pulmonary and systemic circulation

Answer 5

the pulmonary circulation starts at the right atrium with deoxygenated blood, that blood then travels through to the pulmonary artery to then get oxygenated at the lungs.

This oxygenated blood then comes back in through the pulmonary vein and the blood travels to the left atrium where the pulmonary circulation stops and the systemic circulatory system starts.

The oxygenated blood goes up through the aorta to the rest of the bodys muscles and organs to transfer the blood then comes back in through the vena cava to the right atrium where the pulmonary circulation starts again.

Question 6

intrinsic regulation of heart beat

Answer 6

the SA node is located in the right atrium and is responsible for both atriums contracting at the same time. the SA node sends an impulse to the AV node which is located in the centre of the heart, its impulse then gets sent to the ventricles through the bundle of his which then travels to the purkinje fibres which allow the ventricle walls to contract.

exercise or adrenaline (which gets released by the adrenal medula) increases the impulse rate which increases the heart rate, pumping more blood out the heart

Question 7

extrinsic regulation of heart beat

Answer 7

there are two systems: sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

sympathetic nervous system prepares you to fight or flight which includes release of adrenaline. the bronchi dilate to allow more air to come in. the digestive system blood flow is restricted allowing it go to the heart and muscles.

parasympathetic nervous system causes you to rest and digest which includes the release of acetylcholine decreases the heart rate. the bronchi constricts which allows less air to come in. The digestive system blood flow is promoted.

adrenaline also impacts the glucose production which impacts digestion

Question 8

relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate

Answer 8

the short term no change, only during or right after exercise, heart rate will increase

the long term is the effect that comes after consistent training for over a month. the Q is said to slightly increase. your heart rate will decrease because your heart gets stronger this means that the stroke volume will increase as more blood can be pumped out because each pump is stronger. the heart rate will decrease because theres less pressure on it to pump a certain amount of blood because that demand is being made.

Question 9

cardiac output

Answer 9

the stroke volume x the heart rate. the amount of blood that leaves the heart per minute

Question 10

stroke volume

Answer 10

the amount of blood ejected out the aorta with each heart beat

Question 11

heart rate

Answer 11

the amount of times your heart beats per minute

Question 12

RS with SV and HR with UNTRAINED VS UNTRAINED

Answer 12

trained athlete will have a stronger heart so LOWER HR AND HIGHER SV

Question 13

RS with SV and HR with MALES VS FEMALES

Answer 13

on average males are bigger than females so their heart would be bigger too this means higher SV and lower HR. cardiac output would also be higher because males are bigger

Question 14

RS with SV and HR with YOUNG VS OLD

Answer 14

when resting…

young has lower resting heart rate
old has higher resting heart rate

when exercising…

young increases much more than older person this gives them a smaller range for exercise so intensity cant get as high.

the stroke volume for younger person is stronger because heart is stronger.

the cardiac output for younger person will be higher than older person

Question 15

cardiovascular drift

Question 16

define systolic

Answer 16

means to ‘contract and spill’

the force exerted on the wall of the artery as blood is ejected from the ventricles

Question 17

define distolic

Answer 17

means to ‘relax and fill’

the force exerted on the artery walls as the blood fills the ventricles

Question 18

define blood pressure

Answer 18

the amount of force applied onto the arterial walls

Question 19

how bp responds to dynamic exercise

Answer 19

systolic will inc and diastolic will stay the same or decrease

Question 20

dynamic exercise

Answer 20

muscles contract and relax like a run, press up

Question 21

static exercise

Answer 21

a plank or weights

Question 22

why is there a different response to exercise with dynamic and static

Answer 22

they both increase cardiac output (HR and SV) but with dynamic more muscles are worked. the blood vessels of these muscles dilate, increasing the systolic blood pressure and reducing the diastolic blood pressure.

less muscle groups are required for static exercise, yet there is still an inc in Q, therefore an inc in blood flow for the non recruited muscles occurs because they’re in a less constrictive state.

Question 23

redistribution of blood during exercise

Answer 23

at rest:

digestive organs — 25%
heart — 5%
muscles — 20%
brain — 15%
kidneys — 20%
skin — 5%
bones — 5%

during exercise:

muscles — 85% CLEAR INCREASE

but there is a difference between percentage and actual litres of blood because in some cases like brain, skin and bones the blood stays the same because when exercising instead of just 5 litres travelling around the body theres 25 litres.

Question 24

cardiovascular adaptations; hypertrophy

Answer 24

the increase in strength of the heart.

there will be an increase in left ventricular contraction force (it contracts faster and stronger) meaning there is an increased SV , this means that there will be a dec in resting heart rate and working HR.

Question 25

cardiovascular adaptations; increased capillarisation around lungs and muscles

Answer 25

therefore more gas exchange can take place which delivers more oxygen. gaseous exchange

there is a higher density in capillaries

Question 26

cardiovascular adaptations; increased atreio-venus oxygen difference

Answer 26

this means that there is a large amount of oxygen approaching the muscle at the artery end (carries blood away from heart) but then most the oxygen diffuses because of the large capillary network so when it gets to the venus end there is less oxygen. so more oxygen gets diffused into the muscle.

Question 27

what is the maximal oxygen consumption?

Answer 27

it is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed at one time. its the relationship between heart lungs and muscles to delivr oxygen to working muscle cells.

with a higher vo2 max, the fitter you’re and ability to perform at a higher intensity for longer. measured in ml/kg/min.

Question 28

the difference in VO2 max with different modes of exercise

Answer 28

depending on how much your muscles are exerted and how many muscles groups are being used the vo2 max will vary. eg running vs cycling vs bicep curl

Question 29

the difference in VO2 max between young vs old

Answer 29

young will have a higher because their maximum heart rate is also higher, muscles will be older or not as trained generally.

Question 30

the difference in VO2 max between athlete vs non athlete

Answer 30

they can both be ‘trained’ but althete is generally when you have talent (genetics) regarding how much you train which is why they become athletes

Question 31

the difference in VO2 max between trained vs untrained

Answer 31

trained will have more adaptations meaning the relationship will be stronger and a higher vo2 max

Question 32

the difference in VO2 max between females vs males

Answer 32

men are generally a bigger size meaning the heart, muscles and lungs will be bigger resulting in more gas being exchanged, more can be breathed in creating a bigger vo2 max