1.1 skeletal system Flashcards
which bones are included in the axial skeletal group?
skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum
which bones are included in the appendicular skeletal group?
the rest of the body (shoulders, hips, arms and legs)
function of apprendicular skeletons
attach ligaments and muscles which creates more movement. + protection to the digestive, excretory and reproductive organs
4 types of bones
long, short, flat and irregular
ft of long bone
they have long cylindrical shaft, are enlarged at both ends, can be large or small
purpose; assist movement
example; femur, clavicle and metatarsals
ft of short bones
small and cube shaped, articulate with multiple bones
purpose; provides support and stability, limited movement
example; carples and tarsals
ft of flat bones
they have curved surfaces, can be thin or thick
purpose: provides protection and broad area for muscle attachment
examples; sternum and scapula
ft of irregular bones
they have specialised shapes and functions
examples: vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx
labelling the long bone - epiphysis
expands the ends of the bone (proximal is closer to the centre axis of the body and distal is further from the central axis of the body) and articulate with other bones to form joints
parts of the long bone - spongy bone
found in the epiphysis, has a irregular lattice structure, intercostal spaces reducing weight whilst maintaining strength, has branching bony plates and contains red and yellow bone marrow.
parts of the long bone - articular cartilage
prevents the bones from grinding and eroding, absorbs shock and covers the epiphysis
parts of the long bone- diaphysis
its the long main portion of the bones, has thin cylinder made of compact bone and encloses the marrow cavity
parts of the long bone- compact bone
solid and dense located in the diaphysis, prevents bending by being strong and smooth. purpose is to give protection and support by resisting stress of weight
parts of the long bone- bone marrow
is yellow in adults mostly red in youth
purpose is to produce white and red blood cells
parts of the long bone- marrow cavity
located in the space between the diaphysis and spongy bone spaces (in epiphyses)
purpose is to hold yellow bone marrow
parts of the long bone- blood vessels
enters through the periosteum
purpose is to bring proteins, minerals, carbohydrates and other nutrients for bone growth
parts of the long bone- periosteum
location is the membrane covering the diaphysis, connected to the outer fibrose layer (which is a dense connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves) and inner fibrous layer with blood vessels and bone cells
purpose is to attach ligaments and tendons, support teh bone in development,
anatomical terminology (1) superior
area nearer to the head
anatomical terminology (2) inferior
area nearer to the feet, further from the head
anatomical terminology (3) proximal
area that is nearer to where the limbs attach to the body eg shoulder
anatomical terminology (4) distal
the area further from where the limbs attach to the body
anatomical terminology (5) posterior
area behind or nearer to the back
anatomical terminology (6) anterior
area infront or neared to the front
anatomical terminology (7) lateral
furthest from the midline of the body (left or right to the centre going outwards)
anatomical terminology (8) medial
closer to the midline of the body (moving in left or right)
what are the connective tissues?
cartilage, tendon and ligament
function of connective tissue: cartilage
it absorbs shock, reduces friction between bone surfaces
(extra details on ft - covers the ends of the bones, is soft and cushioning
function of connective tissue: tendon
it attaches muscle to bone, pulls the bone when a muscle contracts, moves a joint
(extra detail on ft - has strong stripes)
function of connective tissue: ligament
it connects bone to bone at a joint and provides stability
(extra detail on ft - has strong bands that pass over joints, is elastic allowing for movement, is strong enough to restrict out of norm range)
what is a joint
its the point where two or more bones meet
types of joints : fibrous
only for the skull!!
NO MOVEMENT
the fibrous tissue overlaps two or more bones connecting them
there is no joint cavity for synovial fluid
types of joints : cartilaginous
for the ribs, sternum and spine
allows for SLIGHT MOVEMENT
specific location (1) between the discs of fibrous cartilage in the spine (2) hyaline cartilage in the sternum and ribs
there is no joint cavity for synovial fluid
types of joints : synovial
for the shoulders, knees and elbows
FREE MOVEMENT
there are 6 main types
district structure allowing for movement
features of synovial joint : articular cartilage
provides protection for the bones
can handle and reduce stress. (takes a long time to heal if injured)
features of synovial joint : synovial membrane
secretes synovial fluid for lubrication so that the bones can therefore move freely
features of synovial joint : synovial fluid
viscous (thick) fluid and is used as a lubricant at the joint cavity to reduce friction
features of synovial joint : bursae
is sacs filled with synovial fluid which reduces friction is found where the two structures rub together
features of synovial joint : meniscus
its a semilunar disc of fibrocartilage
location: between some articulating bones
purpose: allows bones to fit together more tightly and provides cuhioning
features of synovial joint : articular capsule
protects the joint from dislocation
features of synovial joint : joint capsule
area in the joint that contains the synovial fluid
type of synovial joint : hinge
location: elbow, knee and fingers
convex surface into a concave surface
type of synovial joint : pivot
has a rotation movement - clockwise
there is a round surface on one bone that rolls around in a ring from another bone and ligament
location: neck
type of synovial joint : ball and socket
location: shoulder
there is a sphere shape (ball) the top surface of it fits into the rounded cavity of another bone
type of synovial joint : gliding
location: some parts of wrist and ankle
there are 2 flat or curved box shaped bones that slide across one another
type of synovial joint : condyloid
location: knuckles and parts of wrist
two bones that are oval/ egg shaped and fit into each other (ones hollow surface the other fills)
type of synovial joint : saddle
cylinder bone that glides with a saddle shaped bone
