2.1 structure and function of ventilatory system

Question 1

principle structures of the airways

Answer 1

nose
mouth
pharynx - carries air, food and fluid from the nose to the mouth
larynx - job is to protect the lower respiratory tract from aspiring food into the trachea while breathing.
trachea
lungs
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 2

the conducting airways - nose

Answer 2

the nose is an external opening for the respiratory system, there is low resistance pathway for airflow.

it also warms, filters and moistens the air

Question 3

the conducting airways - mouth

Answer 3

the mouth is an external opening for the respiratory system. there is low resistance in the pathways for airflow.

yet it just lets air in, there is no filtering or moistening or warming of the air.

Question 4

what is pulmonary ventilation

Answer 4

the inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and lungs AKA BREATHING

Question 5

what is inspiratory reserve volume IRV

Answer 5

the maximum amount of air forcibly inspired adding to the tidal volume

Question 6

what is vital capacity VC

Answer 6

the max amount of air that can be exhaled after the max inhalation

Question 7

what is total lung capacity TLC

Answer 7

the volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inhalation

FORMULA: TLC = VC + RV

Question 8

what is tidal volume

Answer 8

the volume of air breathed in and out every breath

Question 9

what is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 9

the maximum amount of air that is forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume

Question 10

what is residual tidal volume

Answer 10

the volume of air still inside the lungs after maximal exhalation.

Question 11

what is minute minute ventilation

Answer 11

the volume of air breathed in and out per minute
FORMULA: MV= TV x breathing rate

Question 12

mechanics of ventilation: breathing in (inspiration)

Answer 12

1) intercostal muscles contract moving the chest walls up and out
2) the diaphragm contracts and flattens
3) this increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
4) there is a decrease in pressure inside the chest cavity which forces the air inside because the air moves from high to low pressure.

Question 13

mechanics of ventilation: breathing out (expiration)

Answer 13

1) intercostal muscles relax moving the chest walls down and in
2) the diaphragm relaxes moving up and bulges upward (back to a dome shape)
3) the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
4) pressure inside the thoraic cavity increases
5) air rushes out of the lungs because it moves from high to low

Question 14

mechanics of ventilation: passive respiration

Answer 14

occurs at rest with no extra energy required

Question 15

mechanics of ventilation: active respiration

Answer 15

occurs during exercise forming a higher depth and rate of breathing. additional accessory muscles are recruited to support.
1) inspiration - pecs and trapezius
2) expiration - abdominals and intercostal
muscles
lungs are then compressed more and faster

Question 16

nervous and chemical control of respiration: stretch receptors

Answer 16

location: in the lungs
purpose: gives info abt the state of lungs
impacts: monitors the respiration rate (reducing it) to prevent the over expanding of the lungs

Question 17

nervous and chemical control of respiration: baroreceptors

Answer 17

location: in the blood vessels
purpose: gives info abt the state of the blood vessels and pressure
impacts: can impact the cardiac output

Question 18

nervous and chemical control of respiration: chemoreceptors

Answer 18

location: around the arteries of the heart and the brain
purpose: detects the CO2 lvls, monitor the concentration of H+ ions (which make the blood more acidic and decrease the pH)
impacts: if the pH is low (bcs of a the CO2 producing carbonic acid) then the chemoreceptors will send a message to increase the breathing rate.

Question 19

nervous and chemical control of respiration: proprioceptors

Answer 19

location: in muscles and limbs
purpose: gives info abt joint angle, muscle length, tension and detects motion.

Question 20

nervous and chemical control of respiration: nervous system

Answer 20

location: CNS and PNS
purpose: the autonomous NS sends signals to change the breathing rate

sympathetic: increase BR

parasympathetic: decrease BR

Question 21

Outline the role of haemoglobin in oxygen transportation.

Answer 21

an iron containing compound that allows for oxygen to bind to red blood cells and be carried in the blood stream, it allows for oxygen to be transported from the lungs to working cells. the oxygen is released when the carbon dioxide is to be transported from the cells to the lungs during expiration.

each molecule of haemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules. and 98.7% of haemoglobin becomes oxyhemoglobin (red blood cells that are carrying oxygen). trained athletes have a higher haemoglobin level because they can carry around more oxygen around their body and therefore have a higher respiration rate

Question 22

Explain the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli.

Answer 22

1) gas exchange occurs in the lungs between the capillaries and alveoli

2) gas moves from a region of high conc and partial pressure to low conc and partial pressure

3) the membrane the gases pass through is one cell thick meaninh diffusion distance is short.

4) oxygen moves out of thу lungs and into blood and CO2