22: seed plants - gymnosperms

Question 1

seeds and pollen are key adaptations for what?

Answer 1

life on land

Question 2

reproductive adaptations of seed plants?

Answer 2

• flowers and fruit
• reduced gametophytes
• heterospory (ovules, pollen grains)

Question 3

seed plants are made up of?

Answer 3

• gymnosperms
• angiosperms

Question 4

gymnosperms

Answer 4

“naked seed” plants
- pine, spruce, fir (coniferophyta)

Question 5

angiosperms

Answer 5

“enclosed seed” plants - in the carpel (ovary)
- flowering plants like canola, rose, corn (anthophyta)

Question 6

common traits of seed plants?

Answer 6

• reduced gametophytes
• heterosporous
• contain an ovule

Question 7

megasporangia

Answer 7

produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

Question 8

microsporangia

Answer 8

produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes (pollen)

Question 9

what do ovules consist of?

Answer 9

• a megasporangium
• a megaspore
• one or more protective integuments

Question 10

how many integuments do each of the seed plant megaspores have?

Answer 10

• gymnosperms have one
• angiosperms usually have two

Question 11

ovule

Answer 11

the female reproductive structure that develops into seeds after fertilization

Question 12

advantages of reduced gametophytes

Answer 12

• protection from environmental stress
• ovule protects from UV
• can obtain nutrients from parent plant

Question 13

where are the female and male gametophytes in gymnosperms?

Answer 13

• the female gametophyte is in the ovulate cone
• the male gametophyte is in the pollen cone

Question 14

where are the female and male gametophytes in angiosperms?

Answer 14

• the female gametophyte is in the ovule
• the male gametophyte is in the anther

Question 15

what do microspores develop into?

Answer 15

pollen grains that contain the male gametophytes

Question 16

pollen eliminates the need for?

Answer 16

a film of water for flagellated sperm, and can be dispersed farther by wind or animals

Question 17

what happens when a pollen grain germinates?

Answer 17

it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte in the ovule

Question 18

germination

Answer 18

process where a seed begins to grow and develop into a seedling

Question 19

what are seed advantages over spores?

Answer 19

• can be dormant until conditions are favorable to germinate
• have a supply of stored food
• can be dispersed long distances by wind or animals

Question 20

from ovule to seed in gymnosperm?

Answer 20

a pollen grain enters the ovule, and a pollen tube connects it to the egg nucleus. the embryo forms with a food supply and the integument surrounding the megasporangium turns into the seed coat

Question 21

life cycle: pine

Answer 21

pollen grains from the microsporangia in a pollen cone travel into the ovule in the megasporocyte, a pollen tube connects the discharged sperm into the egg that creates an embryo within a seed coat, which grows into a seedling then the mature sporophyte

Question 22

how long does it take from cone production to mature seed?

Answer 22

nearly 3 years

Question 23

distinct feature of cycadophyta?

Answer 23

had flagellated sperm unlike other seed plants - also had large cones w/ palm-like leaves

Question 24

features of ginkgophyta?

Answer 24

also had flagellated sperm, a living fossil, high tolerance to air pollution

Question 25

phylum gnetophyta is made up of?

Answer 25

- gnetum - ephedra - welwitschia

Question 26

largest gymnosperm phylum?

Answer 26

coniferophyta! mostly made up of evergreens