21: ferns & lycophytes Flashcards
vascular tissue allowed plants to?
grow taller
seedless vascular plants are made up of?
- lycophytes
- monilophytes
monilophytes are made up of?
- ferns
- horsetails
- whisk ferns
lycophytes are made up of?
- club mosses
- spike mosses
- quillworts
why are seedless vascular plants usually restricted to moist environments?
they have flagellated sperm - sperm that needs to swim to the egg
traits of living vascular plants
- dominant sporophyte
- vascular tissues (xylem + phloem)
- well developed root and leaves
most diverse seedless vascular plant?
ferns w/ over 12000 species
strobilus on horsetails
cone-like structures where spores come out (clusters of sporophylls)
a mature fern sporophyte has?
- rhizome
- leaves
- roots
fern rhizome
the underground stem, allows the plant to take up more space - leaves come out of them
what produces rhizomes and leaves?
the shoot apical meristem (SAM)
what produces the roots?
the root apical meristem, each root has a (RAM)
life cycle: fern
meiosis occurs and lets the sporangium disperse spores that turn into the gametophyte, both egg and sperm are produced by mitosis on the same gametophyte and fertilization occurs in the archegonium and the zygote forms the sporophyte that contains the sporangium
fern sporophyte life cycle function
- produces “sporangia” : spore house
- produces the bisexual gametophyte
monoecious
plants that have both the male and female reproductive structures on the same individual
fern gametophyte life cycle function
the thallus is poorly adapted to life on land, still photosynthetic, absorbs water and minerals and water is needed for gamete transfer
how do ferns disperse their spores?
using a catapult mechanism - through wind
3 tissue systems that are continuous around the entire plant?
- vascular tissue
- ground tissue
- dermal tissue
vascular tissue
- xylem
- phloem
ground tissue
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- schlerenchyma
dermal tissue
- periderm
- cork
- epidermis
- above ground covered in cuticle
- below ground no cuticle
xylem
- moves water from root to leaves
- water conducting cells include the dead cell tracheid and vessels strengthened by lignin to provide structural support
phloem
- distributes sugars, amino acids through the plants
- sugar conducting cells include living sieve-tube elements and companion cells
why would a plant want to have lateral roots?
- helps anchor the plant
- more surface area for absorption
