19: plant-like protists

Question 1

4 eukarya super groups

Answer 1

• excavata
• SAR
• archaeplastida
• unikonta

Question 2

what are protists?

Answer 2

eukaryotes that include every species in eukarya except for:
- land plants
- fungi
- animals

Question 3

SAR clade

Answer 3

• stramenopiles
• alveolates
• rhizarians

Question 4

what make up stramenopiles?

Answer 4

• diatoms
• brown algae
• golden algae

Question 5

diatoms

Answer 5

unicellular algae w/ glass-like walls
- major compnent of phytoplankton
- found in aquatic environments
- forms sand

Question 6

golden algae

Answer 6

unicellular organism, yellow + brown carotenoids form biogenetic centers

Question 7

brown algae

Answer 7

large multicellular organism (kelp, giant seaweed) has plant-like analogous structures:
- blade
- stipe
- holdfast

Question 8

holdfast

Answer 8

anchors algae to substrates (similar to root)

Question 9

stipe

Answer 9

pulls blade closer to surface to get sunlight (similar to stem)

Question 10

blade

Answer 10

captures energy to use (similar to leaves)

Question 11

heteromorphic

Answer 11

in a life cycle, haploid an diploid generations look different

Question 12

isomorphic

Answer 12

in a life cycle, haploid and diploid generations look similar

Question 13

life cycle: brown algae

Answer 13

meiosis occurs and zoospores produced turn into female (egg), or male (sperm) gametophytes (haploid) , that go through fertilization. the zygote (diploid) stays in a mature female gametophyte as it develops the sporophyte. the sporophyte contains the sporangia with sporocytes that go through meiosis.

Question 14

alveolates - dinoflagellates

Answer 14

made up of cellulose, blooming results in “red tide” - toxins that harm aquatic life

Question 15

what makes up the archaeplastida?

Answer 15

• red algae
• green algae
• land plants
  they have diverse habitats and can be unicellular or multicellular

Question 16

algal cell structure

Answer 16

• cell wall
• vacuole
• pyrenoids

Question 17

cell wall

Answer 17

made of cellulose + carbohydrates and proteins, rigid when mature and permeable to water, gases, minerals

Question 18

vacuole

Answer 18

regulates the water content of the cell, water moving in puts pressure on the cell wall which gives it shape

Question 19

pyrenoids

Answer 19

only found in algae cell structure in chloroplasts, the site for starch synthesis (used as food source)

Question 20

what makes chlamydomonas a model organism?

Answer 20

• small
• reproduces easily
• short life span
• sequenced genome

Question 21

isogamy

Answer 21

when both gametes are identical

Question 22

life cycle: green algae

Answer 22

existing mostly in the haploid stage, can go through asexual reproduction, or sexual reproduction where meiosis forms gametes that fertilize into zygotes