2.2 Cellular Respiration Flashcards
cellular respiration
a series of metabolic pathways which releases energy from food in the form of ATP
phosphorylation
an enzyme controlled process where a phosphate is added to a molecule
where does the phosphate needed for phosphorylation come from?
the breakdown of ATP into ADP + Pi
the breakdown of ATP produces
energy
does phosphorylation require ATP?
yes
glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate through a series of enzyme controlled reactions
where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
2 stages of glycolysis
- energy investment
- energy pay off
glycolysis results in a … of ATP
net gain
(glycolysis)
dehydrogenase enzymes remove…
hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them onto coenzyme NAD
how is NADH formed?
by the addition of hydrogen ions and electrons to coenzyme NAD
(glycolysis)
… is converted to … and then …
glucose is converted to intermediate products and then pyruvate
where does the citric acid cycle occur?
matrix of the mitochondria
the citric acid cycle only occurs in…
aerobic conditions
full citric acid cycle (5)
- pyruvate broken down into an acetyl group
- acetyl group combines with coenzyme A, forming acetyl coenzyme A
- Acetyl combines with oaxloacetate to form citrate
- citrate is converted back to oacloacetate
- this releases CO2 and generates ATP
hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are passed to…
the electron transport chain
where does the electron transport chain occur?
the inner mitochondrial membrane
the electron transport chain only occurs in…
aerobic conditions
electron transport chain
a series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane
the passing of electrons along the electron transport chain…
produces energy
(ETC)
hydrogen ions are pumped…
across the inner mitochondrial membrane
(ETC)
the flow of Hydrogen ions back across the membrane…
produces ATP
(ETC)
what pumps hydrogen ions back across the membrane?
ATP synthase
after the ETC, hydrogen ions…
combine with electrons and oxygen to form water
fermentation (2)
- occurs in the absence of oxygen
- produces less ATP than aerobic respiration
fermentation occurs in
the cytoplasm
fermentation in animal cells (3)
- pyruvate converted into lactate
- reversible reaction
- oxygen debt is built up and repaid
fermentation in plants and yeast (2)
- pyruvate converted into ethanol and CO2
- irreversible rection
