2.2 Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

cellular respiration

A

a series of metabolic pathways which releases energy from food in the form of ATP

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2
Q

phosphorylation

A

an enzyme controlled process where a phosphate is added to a molecule

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3
Q

where does the phosphate needed for phosphorylation come from?

A

the breakdown of ATP into ADP + Pi

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4
Q

the breakdown of ATP produces

A

energy

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5
Q

does phosphorylation require ATP?

A

yes

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6
Q

glycolysis

A

the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate through a series of enzyme controlled reactions

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7
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

2 stages of glycolysis

A
  • energy investment
  • energy pay off
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9
Q

glycolysis results in a … of ATP

A

net gain

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10
Q

(glycolysis)
dehydrogenase enzymes remove…

A

hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them onto coenzyme NAD

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11
Q

how is NADH formed?

A

by the addition of hydrogen ions and electrons to coenzyme NAD

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12
Q

(glycolysis)
… is converted to … and then …

A

glucose is converted to intermediate products and then pyruvate

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13
Q

where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

matrix of the mitochondria

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14
Q

the citric acid cycle only occurs in…

A

aerobic conditions

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15
Q

full citric acid cycle (5)

A
  • pyruvate broken down into an acetyl group
  • acetyl group combines with coenzyme A, forming acetyl coenzyme A
  • Acetyl combines with oaxloacetate to form citrate
  • citrate is converted back to oacloacetate
  • this releases CO2 and generates ATP
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16
Q

hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are passed to…

A

the electron transport chain

17
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

the inner mitochondrial membrane

18
Q

the electron transport chain only occurs in…

A

aerobic conditions

19
Q

electron transport chain

A

a series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane

20
Q

the passing of electrons along the electron transport chain…

A

produces energy

21
Q

(ETC)
hydrogen ions are pumped…

A

across the inner mitochondrial membrane

22
Q

(ETC)
the flow of Hydrogen ions back across the membrane…

A

produces ATP

23
Q

(ETC)
what pumps hydrogen ions back across the membrane?

A

ATP synthase

24
Q

after the ETC, hydrogen ions…

A

combine with electrons and oxygen to form water

25
Q

fermentation (2)

A
  • occurs in the absence of oxygen
  • produces less ATP than aerobic respiration
26
Q

fermentation occurs in

A

the cytoplasm

27
Q

fermentation in animal cells (3)

A
  • pyruvate converted into lactate
  • reversible reaction
  • oxygen debt is built up and repaid
28
Q

fermentation in plants and yeast (2)

A
  • pyruvate converted into ethanol and CO2
  • irreversible rection