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Anatomy > 22. Blood > Flashcards

22. Blood Flashcards

1
Q

General characteristics of blood

A

Type of fluid connective tissue
8% of body mass
4-6 liters in average person

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2
Q

General function of blood

A

Carries nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products, and signaling molecules (hormones) between cells of the body

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3
Q

Blood components

A

Plasma (55% consisting of water proteins and other solutes like electrolytes, nutrients, waste)
Buffy coat (less than 1% consisting of platelets and leukocytes
Erythrocytes (44%)

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4
Q

Characteristics of blood plasma

A

90% water, but contains many molecules
3 main protein types: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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5
Q

Albumin

A

Most abundant of blood plasma, retains water in blood

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6
Q

Globulin

A

Antibodies (immunoglobulins) in plasma and produced by WBC’s to identify pathogens
Also transport lipids

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7
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Protein In blood plasma
Help with clot formation

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8
Q

Characteristics of erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

Red blood cells (and platelets) are not true cells
Transport oxygen to tissues via hemoglobin
Carry carbon dioxide to lungs
Originate in red bone marrow
Average lifespan of 120 days

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9
Q

Why are RBCs and platelets not true cells

A

Lack nuclei and organelles
Platelets are cell fragments

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10
Q

Erythrocytes life cycle

A

Form in red bone marrow
Circulate in bloodstream for 120 days
Are phagocytized in liver and spleen
Heme components recycled
Membrane proteins and globulin proteins broken down and recycled

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11
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

Defect in hemoglobin molecule in blood cells
Homozygous recessive for hemoglobin gene
Cells deform and can block vessels preventing blood flow

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12
Q

Symptoms of sickle cell anemia

A

Shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, pain in abdomen and chest

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13
Q

What is malaria

A

Disease caused by parasite that invades and destroys red blood cells
Typically transmitted by mosquitoes
Common in tropical and subtropical regions

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14
Q

Heterozygote advantage of malaria with sickle cell anemia

A

Hh - have only one recessive allele for sickle cell
Do not have symptoms of sickle cell anemia
Skiffle cell alleles persist because heterozygotes have “resistance” to parasite

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15
Q

Characteristics of ABO blood types

A

RBCs have surface antigens that project from plasma membrane
WBCs produce antibodies to surface antigens not found on RBCs (antibodies in plasma will identify foreign blood surface antigens to be eliminated)

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16
Q

Surface antigens of ABO blood types

A

All RBCs have O antigen
Antigens A and B may or may not be present in individuals
Presence of A or B antigens determines ABO blood type

17
Q

Blood transfusions

A

Receiving incompatible blood causes agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis (destruction)
Type AB blood- no antibodies, universal recipient
Type O blood- no A or B surface antigens, universal donor

18
Q

Rh antigen

A

Another common RBC surface antigen
Rh positive- surface antigen present
Rh negative- surface antigen not present
Antibodies produced to Rh antigen if you are negative and receive Rh positive blood

19
Q

Characteristics of leukocytes

A

Less numerous than RBCs
Provide defense against infection and disease
Travel in blood stream but function outside of blood vessels
Categorized into granulocytes and agranulocytes (distinction based on appearance, not function or origin)

20
Q

Granulocytes

A

Have cytoplasmic granules
Includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

21
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Cytoplasmic granules so small, they’re not visible under microscope
Includes lymphocytes and monocytes

22
Q

Characteristics and function of neutrophils

A

Multilobed nuclei
Pale granules in cytoplasm
Function: enter tissue spaces to phagocytize infectious pathogens (particularly bacteria)

23
Q

Characteristics and function of eosinophils

A

Bi-lobed nuclei
Reddish-orange granules in cytoplasm
Function: phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and release chemical mediators that attack parasitic worms

24
Q

Characteristics and function of basophils

A

Bi-lobed nuclei
Dark purple granules in cytoplasm
Function: release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anti-coagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reaction

25
Q

Characteristics and function of lymphocytes

A

Large spherical nucleus that fill up most of cell
3 types: T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells
Function: found in lymph glands and lymphatic tissue; attack pathogens and abnormal, infected cells; produce antibodies

26
Q

Characteristics and function of monocytes

A

Kidney shaped nucleus
Function: exit blood vessels and become macrophages; phagocytize pathogens (bacteria, viruses); and engulf cellular debris, dead cells

27
Q

Characteristics of platelets (thrombocytes)

A

Irregular, membrane-bound cellular fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
Megakaryoctyes found in red bone marrow
Parts of megakaryocytes pinch off and enter blood
Form clots with fibrin in response to damage

28
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count
Causes diminished clot formation and internal bleeding

29
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation
Occurs in red bone marrow
All blood cells come from hemopoietic stem cells
Hemopoietic stem cells can produce either myeloid (all other cells) or lymphoid stem cells (lymphocytes)

30
Q

Disorders of the blood

A

Anemia, polycythemia, leukemia

31
Q

Anemia

A

Excessively low erythrocytes or hemoglobin concentrations
Diminished oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Many causes- blood loss, iron deficiency, genetic defect of hemoglobin
Causes tiredness, paleness, shortness of breath

32
Q

Polycythemia

A

Abnormal excess of erythrocytes in blood
Can result from cancer of the bone marrow
Increase viscosity of blood which can cause blockage in small vessels

33
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer resulting in uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs in bone marrow
Can be acute (rapidly advancing) or chronic (slowly advancing)
Cancer cells crowd bone marrow and slow production of normal blood cells

Anatomy (29 decks)

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