2. Tissues Flashcards
What is a group of cells and extra cellular material that performs a similar function
Tissue
Components of tissue
Cells and extra cellular matrix (fibers & ground substance)
Types of tissue
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
General function of epithelial tissue
Lining
General Function of connective tissue
Support
General Function of muscle tissue
Movement
General function of nervous tissue
Control
What do tissues create when they work together
Organs and organ systems
Makeup of epithelial tissue
Many cells and little extracellular matrix
What does epithelial tissue form
Linings to cover a surface and most glands
Characteristics of epithelia
Cellularity, held together by cell junctions, polarity (apical and basal ends), support by connective tissue (connected by basement membrane), avascular but innervated, and high cell death & regeneration
Components of diagram of epithelia
Epithelium consisting of narrow extracellular space, an apical region, a basal region, and basement membrane
Connective tissue consisting of the nerve ending and capillary
Function of epithelial tissue
Protection, secretion, absorption, and sensory reception
Epithelium is classified by
Number of cells and shape of cells
Single layer of cells
Simple
Multilayer of epithelial cells
Stratified
Types of epithelium cell shapes
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
Function and location of simple squamous cells
Function: rapid diffusion
Location: e.g., lung air sacs (alveoli), blood vessels (capillaries)
Function/location of simple cuboidal cells
Function: secretion and absorption
Location: e.g., kidney tubules
Function and location of simple columnar cells
Function: absorption, secretion of mucus & enzymes
Location: e.g., lined digestive tract, bronchioles
Location/function of pseudostratified columnar
Function: secretion, propel mucus
Location: e.g., trachea
Function/location of stratified squamous cells
Function: protection
Location: e.g., lining of mouth and esophagus, epidermis of skin
Function/location of stratified cuboidal cells
Function: protection and secretion
Location: e.g., ducts of salivary glands
Function / location of stratified columnar cells
Function: protection, secretion
Location: rare, male urethra
Function/location of transitional cells
Function: stretch , relax
Location: e.g., bladder
Types of simple epithelia
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and pseudostratified columnar
Types of stratified epithelia
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional
Epithelial cells that make and secrete a product
Glands
Types of glands
Exocrine glands and endocrine glands
Have ducts, secrete locally onto surfaces or in cavities, and multicellular or unicellular
Exocrine glands
Lack ducts, produce hormones that enter bloodstream, and target can be far away or nearby
Endocrine glands
Unicellular exocrine glands that produces mucin that turns into mucus when mixed with water
Goblet cell
Structures of a goblet cell
Microvilli, secretory vesicles containing mucin, Golgi apparatus, rough ER, and nucleus
Continuation of epithelial sheet that invaginated into connective tissue
Multicellular exocrine glands
Examples of multicellular exocrine glands
Sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, etc.
Types of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and fluid (blood/lymph)
Basic components of connective tissue
Few cells and lots of extracellular matrix
Characteristics of connective tissue cells
Vary by CT and produce extracellular matrix
Components of connective tissue extracellular matrix
Protein fibers and ground substance
Types of connective tissue protein fibers in the EM
Collagen, elastic, and reticular
Ground substance of connective tissue EM consists of
Protein, carbohydrates, and water and can be solid, gelatinous or watery
Functions of connective tissue
Provide support for other structures, anchors muscles for movement, carries/stores nutrients, provides mechanical protection, and helps fight infection
Components of CT proper
Primary cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes, and some WBCs
Fibers are collagen, elastic, and reticular
Ground substance is viscous
Strongest fiber that resists tension for tissue strength (not compression)
Collagen
“Rubber-band like” fiber that retains shape
Elastic
Fiber that provides framework for organs
Reticular
Types of CT proper
Loose and dense CT proper
Difference between loose and dense CT proper
Dense CT has more protein fibers and less ground substance with fibers arranged more compactly
Types of loose CT proper
Areolar and adipose
Types of dense CT proper
Regular and irregular
Composition of areolar CT
Cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes, WBCs
Fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular
Function of areolar CT
Support and bind other tissues (underlie epithelia), retain interstitial fluids, and contains cells to fight infection
Location of areolar CT
Surrounds organs & capillaries, in superficial fascia under skin
Composition of adipose CT
Cells: adipocytes
Fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular
Function of adipose tissue
Stores fat reserves (as fat lobules), insulation, and support/protect organs
Location of adipose CT
In superficial fascia, abdomen, breast; surrounds eyes & kidneys
Composition of irregular CT
Cells: fibroblasts
Fibers: collagen running in different planes to resist tension in different directions
Function of irregular CT
Resist tension in many directions
Location of irregular CT
Dermis of skin
Composition of regular CT
Cells: fibroblasts
Fibers: parallel collagen
Function of regular CT
Connect muscle to bone; bone to bone, and withstand tensile stress in one direction
Location of regular CT
Muscle tendons, ligaments
Consists of epithelium and CT proper
Membranes
Types of membranes
Cutaneous membrane, mucous membrane, and serous membrane
Membrane that covers the body surface
Cutaneous membrane (skin)
Membrane that lines body cavities that are open to the exterior
Mucous membrane
Membrane that lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior
Serous membrane
Function of ground substance
To draw in water
How is stratified epithelium classified specifically
By shape of apical cells
