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Anatomy > 14. Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

14. Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Nervous system

A

Gather information from stimuli by sensory receptors
Process the information
Produce a response by activating effector organs (muscles or glands)

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2
Q

The nervous system is organized into:

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

CNS consists of

A

Brain and spinal cord

Integrating and command center of NS

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4
Q

PNS consists of

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

Mostly nerves that carry signals to and from CNS

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5
Q

PNS is divided into:

A

Sensory and motor divisions

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6
Q

Sensory division consists of

A

Somatic sensory, visceral sensory, and special sensory

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7
Q

Characteristics of somatic sensory

A

Sensations on skin or in body wall (touch, pain, pressure, pulled muscle, etc.)
Proprioception (detect position and movement)

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8
Q

Characteristics of visceral sensory

A

Sense stimuli from viscera (organs) such as stretch, pain, temperature, hunger, etc.

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9
Q

Characteristics of special sensory

A

Receptors localized to small area
Hearing & balance, vision, taste, smell

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10
Q

Motor division consists of

A

Somatic motor and visceral motor (autonomic)

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11
Q

Characteristics of somatic motor

A

Generally voluntary
Stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles

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12
Q

Characteristics of visceral motor (autonomic)

A

Generally involuntary
Stimulates contraction of smooth & cardiac muscle, secretion by glands
Includes sympathetic (fight or flight response) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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13
Q

What are neurons

A

Excitable cells, transmit signal

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14
Q

What are glial cells

A

Non-excitable, support neurons

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15
Q

Characteristics of neurons (nerve cells)

A

Conduct electrical signals along plasma membrane
Extreme longevity (from fetus to elderly)
Do not divide (some CNS stem cells)
High metabolic rate (need constant supply of oxygen and glucose)

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16
Q

Basic features of a neuron

A

Dendrites cell body including nucleus and nucleolus, axon hillock, and axon including Schwann cells, myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier

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17
Q

Neuron communcication

A

Neurons communicate through a synapse- pass information
Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters from axon
Postsynaptic neurons have neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic membranes

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18
Q

Structural classification types of neurons

A

Multipolar, unipolar (pseudounipolar), and bipolar

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19
Q

Characteristics of multipolar neurons

A

Many processes extend from cell body
Many dendrites, one axon
Most abundant (99% of neurons)

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20
Q

Characteristics of unipolar (pseudounipolar) cells

A

One process from cell body that divides into 2 processes
Sensory neurons in PNS, cell bodies for ganglia
Peripheral process extends to receptors
Central process runs to the CNS

21
Q

Characteristics of bipolar cells

A

2 processes extend from cell body
Very rare
Some special sensory organs (inner ear, olfactory, retina)

22
Q

Characteristics of sensory neurons (afferent)

A

Transmit impulse toward CNS from receptors in PNS
Most are unipolar with ganglia outside CNS
Central process terminates in CNS

23
Q

Characteristics of interneurons

A

Between sensory and motor neurons
Multipolar within CNS
99.98% of all neurons, link together

24
Q

Characteristics of motor neurons (efferent)

A

Transmit impulse away from CNS
Multipolar
Cell body in CNS and form junctions with targets

25
Q

Characteristics of neuroglia or glial cells

A

Other category of cells in nervous tissue
Support neurons and cover non-synaptic parts to insulate electrical activity
Six types with different functions ( 4 in CNS and 2 in PNS)

26
Q

Neuroglia or glial cells in CNS

A

Astrocyte, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

27
Q

Neuroglia or glial cells in PNS

A

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

28
Q

Characteristics of astrocytes

A

Star-shaped, most abundant
Radiating ends attach to axons and capillaries (forming blood-brain-barrier)
Regulate blood flow in active brain regions
Regulate neurotransmitter levels

29
Q

Characteristics of microglial cells

A

Smallest, least abundant
Macrophages of CNS
Engulf invading microorganisms and dead neurons

30
Q

Characteristics of ependymal cells

A

Form epithelium that lines central cavity of spinal cord and brain (ventricles)
Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

31
Q

Characteristics of oligodendrocytes

A

Processes wrap around axons in CNS
Create an insulating cover- myelin sheath

32
Q

Characteristics of satellite cells

A

Surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia
Regulate delivery of nutrients and removal of waste from neurons

33
Q

Characteristics of Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

A

Myelinate axons of PNS
Myelin sheaths (Schwann cells & oligodendrocytes) increase speed of impulse conduction along axon - more energy efficient
Gaps between cells are nodes of Ranvier

34
Q

Characteristics of gray matter

A

Where synapses between neurons occur
Contains cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons and short nonmyelinated interneurons

35
Q

Characteristics of white matter

A

Contains myelinated axons (white color from myelin sheaths) and axons travel from spinal cord to brain, or brain to spinal cord
Tracts- groups of axons traveling to similar destination

36
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Rope-like organ of PNS
Carry both motor and sensory axons
Consists of many axons (nerve fibers in parallel bundles)
Multiple layers

37
Q

Layers of a nerve

A

Epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium

38
Q

Epineurium

A

Connective tissue around whole nerve

39
Q

Perinuerium

A

Connective tissue covering bundle of nerves (fascicle)

40
Q

Endoneurium

A

Connective tissue covering axon and Schwann cells

41
Q

Characteristics of reflex arcs

A

Rapid, motor responses to stimuli
Show most basic chain of neuronal integration
Can be either somatic (skeletal muscle) or visceral (smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands)
All reflex arcs have 5 components
Vary in complexity based on number of synapses

42
Q

Components of reflex arcs

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Integration center
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
43
Q

Characteristics of monosynaptic reflexes

A

Simplest reflex
No interneurons (i.e., one synapse)
Example: knee-jerk reflex

44
Q

Characteristics of polysynaptic reflex

A

More common
One or more interneurons
Example: withdrawal reflex (3 neuron reflex)

45
Q

Characteristics of multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune disease (not completely understood)
Degeneration of myelin in CNS
Disrupts neuronal signals leading to numbness or pain of skin, muscle weakness or paralysis, slurred speech, blurred vision
Severity and progression varies widely with a 50% decline rapidly in second decade of disease

46
Q

Characteristics of nerve regeneration

A

Neurons in PNS can regenerate if cell bodies survive
Growth regeneration tube formed by Schwann cells release nerve growth factors (NGF)
Recovery of function is possible
No regeneration in the CNS as brain and spinal cord injuries result in loss of function

47
Q

Functional types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons (afferent), interneurons, and motor neurons (efferent)

48
Q

Divisions of the brain and spinal cord that represent arrangements of neurons

A

White and gray matter

Anatomy (29 decks)

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