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Anatomy > 15/16. Brain > Flashcards

15/16. Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Basic parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum (2 hemispheres)
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Diencephalon
Hollow cavities called ventricles

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2
Q

Brain stem consists of

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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3
Q

Diencephalon consists of

A

Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Development of the brain

A

Develops from the rostrum end of the neural tube
Constrictions form 3 primary vesicles:
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Caudal end of neural tube becomes spinal cord

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5
Q

Prosencephalon (forebrain) consists of

A

Telencephalon (cerebrum)
Diencephalon (thalamus-y-things)

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6
Q

Mesencephalon (midbrain) consists of

A

Only the mesencephalon

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7
Q

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) consists of

A

Metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
Myelencephalon ( medulla oblongata)

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8
Q

What are ventricles of brain (not types)

A

Cavities in brain, continuous with central canal of spinal cord
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lined by ependymal cells that produce CSF

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Produced from blood and nourishes and protects brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Ventricles of the brain include

A

Lateral ventricles (1&2)
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle

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11
Q

Location of lateral ventricles (1&2)

A

Within cerebrum

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12
Q

Location and connections of third ventricle

A

Within diencephalon
Connected to lateral ventricles via interventricular foramina

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13
Q

Location, connections, and openings of fourth ventricle

A

Within brainstem
Connected to 3rd ventricle via cerebral aqueduct (midbrain)
3 openings (apertures) to subarachnoid space

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14
Q

External protection of brain

A

Skull, meninges, and CSF

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15
Q

Internal protection of brain

A

Blood-brain barrier made by astrocytes

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16
Q

Characteristics of meninges

A

3 connective tissue layers external to brain and spinal cord
Layers create potential spaces between them

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17
Q

Layers of meninges

A

Dura mater (“tough mother”) - has 2 layers
Arachnoid mater (“webbed mother”)
Pia mater (“delicate mother”)
Only pia mater follows contours of the brain

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18
Q

Types of dural folds in brain

A

Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli

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19
Q

What does the falx cerebri separate

A

Separate left and right cerebral hemispheres

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20
Q

What does the falx cerebelli do

A

Separates left and right sides of cerebellum

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21
Q

Function of tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates cerebrum and cerebellum (like a tent over cerebellum)

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22
Q

Types of dural venous sinuses

A

Superior saggital sinus, inferior saggital sinus, straight sinus, confluence of sinuses, transverse sinus, and sigmoid sinus

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23
Q

Locations of superior and inferior saggital sinus

A

In falx cerebri

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24
Q

Function of straight sinus

A

Drains inferior saggital sinus and great cerebral vein from vein

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25
Q

Function of confluence of sinuses

A

Junction of superior saggital sinus and straight sinus

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26
Q

Location of transverse sinus

A

In tentorium cerebelli

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27
Q

Function of sigmoid sinus

A

Carries blood from transverse sinus to jugular foramen

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28
Q

Overall circulation of CSF

A

CSF in ventricles
CSF returned to blood by arachnoid granulations (of villi) projecting into dural sinuses from subarachnoid space

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29
Q

Specific circulation of CSF

A

Lateral ventricles - interventricular foramina - third ventricle - cerebral aqueduct - fourth ventricle - apertures - subarachnoid space - arachnoid granulations - dural venous sinuses

30
Q

General features of cerebrum

A

Surface is wrinkled with ridges (gyro) and valleys (sulci) to increase surface area
Deep valleys are fissures
Consists of gray matter (cell bodies and non-myelinated axons) and white matter (mostly myelinated axons)

31
Q

Types of fissures in the cerebrum

A

Longitudinal fissure (separates right and left hemispheres)
Lateral fissure (separates temporal lobe from frontal & parietal lobes)
Transverse cerebral fissure (separates cerebrum from cerebellum)

32
Q

Gray matter in cerebrum consists of

A

Cerebral cortex (outer layer of gray matter)
Brain nuclei (concentrations of cell bodies)
Perform complex neural functions

33
Q

Location and function of white matter in cerebrum

A

Deep to cortex, surround nuclei
Allow for rapid processing between areas

34
Q

5 lobes of cerebrum

A

Named for associated skull bones
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula (deep to lateral fissure)

35
Q

Further lines and regions of the lobes of cerebrum

A

Central sulcus - separates frontal and parietal lobes
Parieto-occipital sulcus - separates parietal and occipital lobes
Lateral fissure - separates temporal lobe
Pre central gyrus- motor
Post central gyrus - sensory

36
Q

General function of cerebral cortex

A

Sensory areas receive input and are aware of stimuli
Association areas process info from multiple sources
Motor areas control motor response

37
Q

Pathway of cerebral cortex function

A
  1. Primary sensory cortex
  2. Sensory association areas
  3. Multimodal association areas
  4. Motor areas
38
Q

Types of sensory areas of cerebral cortex

A

Primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex, and gustatory cortex & visceral sensory cortex

39
Q

Location and function of primary somatosensory cortex

A

Found in post central gyrus (parietal)
Receive sensation from skin on opposite side of body (touch, pressure, pain, proprioception)

40
Q

Location and function of primary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe
Receives visual info from retina

41
Q

Location and function of primary auditory cortex

A

Superior edge of temporal lobe
Conscious awareness of sound

42
Q

Location and function of primary olfactory cortex

A

Medial side of temporal lobe
Conscious awareness of smell

43
Q

Location and function of gustatory cortex & visceral sensory cortex

A

Located in insula
Awareness of taste, pain, pressure, hunger, etc.

44
Q

Types of motor areas of cerebral cortex

A

Primary motor area and motor speech area (Broca’s area)

45
Q

Location and function of primary motor cortex

A

Precentral gyrus (frontal)
Control skeletal muscle activity on opposite side of body
Axons descend pyramidal tracts (see brain stem)

46
Q

Types of association areas of cerebral cortex

A

Posterior association area, anterior association area, and Limbic system

47
Q

Location and function of posterior association area

A

Integrates all types of sensory information for a unified perception of sensory input
Werneke’s area- left hemispheres, involved with understanding written and spoken language

48
Q

Location and function of anterior association area

A

Prefrontal cortex
Receives highly processes sensory info, coordinates motor responses
Thinking, remembering, reasoning, planning, memory, problem solving

49
Q

Location and function of limbic system

A

Medial side of cerebral hemispheres
Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala
Involved in memory, emotion, fear

50
Q

Sensory and motor homunculi

A

Body regions map onto pre central and post central gyri
Amount if cortex devoted to a region is related to sensitivity or control of that region
E.g., face and hand are very sensitive and under fine motor control

51
Q

Function of white matter of the cerebrum

A

How areas of cerebral cortex communicate with each other and with brainstem and spinal cord
Bundled into large tracts

52
Q

Fibers of white matter cerebrum

A

Commissural fibers, association fibers, and projection fibers

53
Q

Characteristics of commissural fibers

A

Cross from one side of CNS to other
Allow brain to function as a whole
Includes corpus collosum- above lateral ventricles

54
Q

Characteristics of association fibers

A

Connect different parts of same hemisphere

55
Q

Characteristics of projection fibers

A

Descend or ascend from cerebral cortex to other parts of CNS

56
Q

Characteristics of diencephalon

A

3 paired structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Mostly gray matter
Form walls of third ventricle

57
Q

Characteristics of thalamus

A

Gateway to the cerebral cortex
Contains many thalamic nuclei
Receives, filters, and relays somatic sensory information to cerebral cortex

58
Q

Characteristics of hypothalamus

A

Many brain nuclei controlling many body functions/activities:
main control of autonomic nervous system (cardiac/smooth muscle and glands)
main control of endocrine system through pituitary gland
regulates body temp
regulates hunger and thirst
connections with limbic system to control emotions
regulate sleep-wake cycle, directs pineal gland when to secrete melatonin

59
Q

Characteristics of epithalamus

A

Small group of brain nuclei and pineal gland
Pineal gland secretes melatonin for circadian rhythm and is influence by hypothalamus

60
Q

Characteristics of brainstem

A

Midbrain (superior), pons (middle), and medulla oblongata (inferior)
Outer white matter with brain nuclei (gray matter)
Multiple functions

61
Q

Functions of the brainstem

A

Passageway for fiber tracts between spinal cord and cerebrum
Gives rise to 10 cranial nerves
Responsible for many critical automatic behaviors
Integrates auditory and visual reflexes

62
Q

Characteristics of midbrain

A

Superior part of brainstem
Cerebral aqueduct runs through it
Cerebral peduncles are anterior pillars (descending motor fibers (pyramidal motor tracts))
Contains colliculi and substantia nigra

63
Q

Location and function of Colliculi of midbrain

A

4 bumps on the posterior side
2 superior colliculi responsible for visual tracking of moving objects
2 inferior colliculi responsible for reflexive response to sound

64
Q

Characteristics of substantia nigra

A

Assists with control of voluntary movement
Contains neurons with melanin granules

65
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Degeneration of neurons of midbrain leading to tremors, loss of coordination in movements, etc.

66
Q

Characteristics of pons

A

Middle part of brainstem, anterior to cerebellum
Pontine (relay) nuclei send copies of motor commands to cerebellum from cerebrum to coordinate voluntary movement
Contains pontine respiratory center

67
Q

Characteristics of medulla oblongata

A

Inferior part of brainstem
Relay nuclei for sensory & proprioceptive info to cerebrum and cerebellum
Contain pyramidal motor tracts where decussation (crossing over) of pyramids occurs
Includes reticular formation

68
Q

Characteristics of reticular formation

A

3 nuclei found in medulla oblongata that act as:
Cardia center (controls heart rate and force of contraction)
Respiratory center (controls basic breathing rhythm)
Vasomotor center (regulates blood pressure)

69
Q

Characteristics of cerebellum

A

Attached to back of brainstem
Right and left hemispheres like cerebrum
Folia- folds

70
Q

Functions of cerebellum

A

Refines skeletal muscle movement so movement is smooth and coordinated (rough draft from cerebrum is relayed through pons)
Stores “muscle memory”
Receives proprioceptive input from skeletal muscles for body part positioning (relayed through medulla oblongata)

71
Q

Pathway of action for cerebellum

A

Motor commands are sent from premotor cortex to spinal cord
Pons relays a copy of the motor commands to cerebellum
Cerebellum compares desired movements with real-time position of body parts
Cerebellum makes adjustments to plan and sends those adjustments to cerebrum

Anatomy (29 decks)

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