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Repro > 22 - Applied Embryology > Flashcards

22 - Applied Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what happens during day 1 of early embryo development?

A

formation of pronuclei

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2
Q

what happens during day 2 of early embryo development?

A

first cell division

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3
Q

what happens during day 3 of early embryo development?

A

cell division continues

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4
Q

what happens during day 4 of early embryo development?

A

formation of morula

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5
Q

what happens during day 5 of early embryo development?

A

blastocyst forms

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6
Q

4 components of the mature placenta?

A

Chorionic villi

The intervillous space

Placental Septae

Cotyledons

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7
Q

name 5 functions of the placenta?

A

Acts as an immunological barrier

Gas exchange

Nutrient exchange

Waste excretion

Endocrine functions

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8
Q

when does the mesoderm form?

A

day 12

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9
Q

when does the mesoderm spreading occur?

A

day 18

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10
Q

when does the amniotic sac enlargement occur?

A

day 23

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11
Q

where does the primitive streak develop?

A

caudal end of the embryo

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12
Q

what form the endoderm?

A

epiblast cells migrating into the hypoblast layer

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13
Q

how is the mesoderm formed?

A

epiblast cells migrate thought the primitive streak between the epiblast and hypoblast

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14
Q

where does the notochord develop?

A

develops cranially from just above the primitive streak

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15
Q

what are the two small areas at either end of the embryo without any mesoderm?

A

buccopharyngeal membrane

cloacal membrane

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16
Q

name 4 cell lines who are formed from ectoderm?

A

Epidermis

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

hair

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17
Q

name 4 cell lines who are formed from mesoderm?

A

Dermis

musculoskeletal structures

cardiovascular system

gonads

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18
Q

name 4 cell lines who are formed from endoderm?

A

Lining of the gastrointestinal tract

the parenchyma of the liver

pancreas

thyroid

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19
Q

what is a neural plate?

A

thickening of ectoderm over the notochord

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20
Q

what does the neural plate become as it thickens?

A

neural groove

21
Q

what do neural crest cells contribute to?

A

PNS

22
Q

3 subunits of the mesoderm?

A

Paraxial Mesoderm

Intermidiate Mesoderm

Lateral Plate Mesoderm

23
Q

what does the paraxial mesoderm form?

A

somites

24
Q

what are the 2 subunits of the somites?

A

dermomyotomes

sclerotomes

25
Q

how many occipital somites are there?

A

4

26
Q

how many cervical somites are there?

A

8

27
Q

how many thoracic somites are there?

A

12

28
Q

how many lumbar somites are there?

A

5

29
Q

how many sacral somites are there?

A

5

30
Q

how many coccygeal somites are there?

A

8-10

31
Q

what 3 structures does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?

A

kidneys

ureters

gonads

32
Q

what 5 structures does the lateral plate mesoderm give rise to?

A

pleura

pericardium

peritoneum

cardiovascular system

connective tissues & smooth muscle of GI and resp systems

33
Q

during what week does the following occur -

Pharangeal Arches form

Neural tube is fusing, initial structures of the brain form

Upper limb buds, then lower limb buds form

The heart begins to beat

The primordial gut is forming

The beginnings of the lower respiratory tract forms

A

4

34
Q

during what week does the following occur -

Upper limbs are divided into definite regions

Digital rays are forming

External Ear is forming

Some movements visible

A

6

35
Q

during what week does the following occur -

The fingers begin to separate

The gut herniates into the umbilical cord

A

7

36
Q

during what week does the following occur -

Fingers are separated but webbed

Toes are beginning to separate

The head is significantly larger

The eye is pigmented

A

8

37
Q

when does the embryonic phase end and so foetal period begin?

A

beyond week 8

38
Q

what is the incidence of natural multiple pregnancies in UK?

A

1:80

39
Q

what is the difference in cause of non-identical twins and identical twins?

A

non-identical - multiple eggs fertilising and implanting

identical - embryo splits

40
Q

what are the three stages of the development of the kidney?

A

The pronephros (non-functional)

The mesonephros (functional but transient)

The metanephros (final kidney)

41
Q

what is the cloaca and what divides it?

A

caudal end of the enfolded yolk sac - divided by the urorectal septum

42
Q

what does the divided cloaca form?

A

The urogenital sinus

The anal canal

43
Q

what structure goes on to form the bladder and urethra?

A

urogenital sinus

44
Q

which chromosome contains the SRY gene?

A

Y

45
Q

what are the 2 sets of genital tracts?

A

Mesonephric Duct

Paramesonephric Duct

46
Q

what determines which genital tract develops and which regresses?

A

presence or absence of AMH (Anti-Mullerian hormone)

47
Q

what does presence of AMH cause in the male?

A

paramesonephric ducts regress

48
Q

which association can often be made with women who have reproductive tract anomalies?

A

renal tract anomalies

49
Q

what classification is used for congenital defects in female reprodcutive tract?

A

ASRM

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