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Question 1

shallow

Answer 1

سطحی
not deep
1 measuring only a short distance from the top to the bottom OPP deep
a shallow river
The lake is quite shallow.
the shallow end of the pool
Place the meat in a shallow dish.
2 not interested in or not showing any understanding of important or serious matters – used to show disapproval
a shallow argument
If he’s only interested in your looks, that shows how shallow he is.

Question 2

endorse

Answer 2

1 to express formal support or approval for someone or something
endorse a proposal/an idea/a candidate etc
The prime minister is unlikely to endorse this view.
2 if a famous person endorses a product or service, they say in an advertisement that they use and like it

Question 3

waver

Answer 3

1 to become weaker or less certain
Her voice wavered uncertainly.
The students’ attention did not waver.
Harris never wavered in his loyalty.
We were determined not to waver from our goals.
2 to not make a decision because you have doubts
Shareholders who were wavering met the directors.
waver between something and something. ((like vacillate))
The party wavered between free trade and protectionism.
3 to move gently in several different directions
The candle flame wavered, throwing shadows on the wall.

Question 4

splendor

Answer 4

impressive beauty, especially of a large building or large place
like sumptuousness
splendour of
We marvelled at the splendour of the scenery.
The palace has now been restored to its original splendour.

Question 5

stark

Answer 5

As adjective
1.very plain in appearance, with little or no colour or decoration.(empty,simple and obvious or manifest)
starkness = austerity
In the cold dawn light, the castle looked stark and forbidding.
the stark beauty of New Mexico
2 completely clear
He made a strak contrast between them.
The movie shows the stark realities of life in the ghetto.
The extreme poverty of the local people is in stark contrast to the wealth of the tourists.
We are faced with a stark choice.
As adverb
Completely or extremely

Question 6

mainstream

Answer 6

as noun
the ideas, attitudes, or activities that are regarded as normal or conventional; the dominant trend in opinion, fashion, or the arts.
companies that are bringing computers to the mainstream of American life.

as adjective
1 relating to the most frequent or usual way of doing or thinking about something
The company has been selling interests that it considers to be outside its mainstream businesses.
The shop now caters for the mainstream market.
2 suitable for normal people, rather than for a particular section of society
They made the clothes less high-fashion and more mainstream.

Question 7

concrete term

Answer 7

A term which expresses material facts, actions and events in the physical reality regarding to possible causes and means.
What does that mean in concrete terms?
the lack of any concrete evidence

Question 8

trifle

Answer 8

1 a trifle
slightly
a trifle eccentric/odd/unexpected etc
2 something unimportant or not valuable

as verb
Like slight
trifle with somebody/something
to treat someone or something without respect or not in a serious way
He’s not a man to be trifled with.
men who trifle with women’s affections

Stifle: stop s.th from happening

Question 9

quarrelsome

Answer 9

someone who is quarrelsome quarrels(argue) a lot with people SYN argumentative
He became quarrelsome after drinking too much.

Question 10

balkanization

Answer 10

the practice of dividing a country into separate independent states – used to show disapproval

Question 11

misgiving

Answer 11

a feeling of doubt or fear about what might happen or about whether something is right SYN doubt
Some politicians have expressed grave misgivings about the scheme.
Opponents of nuclear energy have deep misgivings about its safety.

Question 12

dissimulation

Answer 12

The noun dissimulation describes the act of faking your true feelings. Your dissimulation of happiness might fool strangers but your close friends can tell it’s all an act.

Question 13

superficial

Answer 13

shallow, not important, minor, carelessly
Despite their superficial similarities, the two novels are, in fact, very different.
Even a superficial inspection revealed serious flaws.
She escaped with only superficial cuts and bruises.
Don’t mistake it with superfluous(excess)

Question 14

compelling

Answer 14

1 → compelling reason/argument/case etc
an argument etc that makes you feel certain that something is true or that you must do something about it
Lucy had no compelling reason to go into town.
The court was presented with compelling evidence that she’d murdered her husband.
2 very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention
His life makes a compelling story.
3 → compelling need/desire/urge (to do something)
a strong need, desire etc to do something, making you feel that you must do it
He felt a compelling need to tell someone about his idea.

Question 15

anthropogenic

Answer 15

Anthropogenic is an adjective that describes changes in nature made by people. If your town has rerouted water from the river for drinking water, that is an anthropogenic activity.

Question 16

pugilistic

Answer 16

If you’re pugilistic, you’re a boxer — or you just like to fight. When you’re heading to watch a boxing match, you could say you’re going to see a pugilistic event (and you’ll sound really smart).
Like bellicose

Question 17

inverse

Answer 17

exactly opposite
“inversely related”
the inverse relationship between prices and interest rates.
Clearly, the amount of money people save increases in inverse proportion to the amount they spend.

Question 18

retrograde

Answer 18

involving a return to an earlier and worse situation SYN backward
The closure of the factories is seen as a retrograde step.

Question 19

caterpillar

Answer 19

کرم ابریشم
worm: کرم

Question 20

arbiter

Answer 20

1 someone who influences society’s opinions about what is stylish, socially acceptable etc
The designer has received rave reviews from such arbiters of taste as ‘Elle’ magazine.
2 someone or something that settles an argument between two opposing sides SYN judge
The European Court of Justice will be the final arbiter (=make the final decision) in the dispute.

Question 21

stilted

Answer 21

a stilted style of writing or speaking is formal and unnatural
a stilted conversation
like wooden(not showing enough expression, emotion, or movementچوبی)

Question 22

customary

Answer 22

usual
In some cultures it is customary for the bride to wear white.

Question 23

fiction

Answer 23

1 books and stories about imaginary people and events OPP non-fiction
romantic fiction
historical fiction
2 a false report or statement that you pretend is true OPP fact
At work she kept up the fiction that she had a university degree.
When he’s telling you something, you never know what’s fact and what’s fiction.

Question 24

reminiscence

Answer 24

a spoken or written story about events that you remember → memoir
reminiscence of/about
reminiscences of the war

Question 25

invention

Answer 25

1 [countable] a useful machine, tool, instrument etc that has been invented
The dishwasher is a wonderful invention.
2 [uncountable] the act of inventing something
The invention of the computer has revolutionized the business world.
3** [countable, uncountable] a story, explanation etc that is not true. like fiction
They subsequently admitted that the story was pure invention.
4 [uncountable] the ability to think of new and clever ideas
With such powers of invention, he should get a job easily.

Question 26

egalitarian

Answer 26

democratic
based on the belief that everyone is equal and should have equal rights.
an egalitarian society

Question 27

even as

Answer 27

while
He realized, even as he spoke, that no one would ever believe him.

Question 28

enterprise

Answer 28

1 [countable] a company, organization, or business
commercial enterprises such as banks and food manufacturers
state/public enterprise especially British English (=one owned by the government)
2 [uncountable] the activity of starting and running businesses
the management of state enterprise (=done by the government)
→ free enterprise, private enterprise
3 [countable] a large and complicated project, especially one that is done with a group of other people SYN initiative
The programme is a joint enterprise with the London Business School.
4 [uncountable] the ability to think of new activities or ideas and make them work
We’re looking for young people with enterprise and creativity.

Question 29

encounter

Answer 29

1 to experience something, especially problems or opposition
encounter problems/difficulties
They encountered serious problems when two members of the expedition were injured.
encounter opposition/resistance
The government has encountered strong opposition to its plans to raise income tax.
((In everyday English, people usually say come across problems/difficulties rather than encounter problems/difficulties and come up against opposition/resistance rather than encounter opposition/resistance:
Did you come across any problems?
We came up against quite a lot of opposition from local people.))
2 formal to meet someone without planning to. run into. bump into
I first encountered him when studying at Cambridge.

Question 30

thrive on something

Answer 30

to enjoy or be successful in a particular situation, especially one that other people find difficult or unpleasant
I wouldn’t want that much pressure, but she seems to thrive on it.

Question 31

frontier

Answer 31

1 the border of a country
frontier between/with
Lille is close to the frontier between France and Belgium.
Troops established a road block on the frontier.
frontier town/area/post etc (=a town etc on a frontier)
2 → the frontier
an area where people have never lived before, that not much is known about, especially in the western US before the 20th century
a novel about a family’s struggle on the American frontier
space, the final frontier
push back the frontiers (=discover new things)