22/06 Flashcards
what causes acute epiglottitis
haemophilus influenza B
APGAR
Activity (muscle tone)
Pulse
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Appearance (skin colour)
Respiratory effort
when should apgar be assessed
1 and 5 mins
again at 10 mins if abnormal
adverse effect of methyphenidate
cardiotoxicity - perform a baseline ECG
benign rolandic epilepsy EEG
centrotemporal spikes
jaundice extending beyond physiological 2 weeks
conjugated bilirubin abnormally high
biliary atresia
crosses suture lines
caput succedaneum
doesnt cross suture lines
cephalohaematoma
cause of erythema infectious/slapped cheek/fifth disease
parvovirus b19
‘Strawberry’ tongue
Rash - fine punctate erythema sparing the area around the mouth (circumoral pallor)
scarlet fever
what causes scarlet fever
Reaction to erythrogenic toxins produced by Group A haemolytic streptococci
what causes hand foot and mouth disease
coxsackie A16 virus
Microcephalic, small eyes
Cleft lip/palate
Polydactyly
Scalp lesions
Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
Micrognathia
Low-set ears
Rocker bottom feet
Overlapping of fingers
Edward’s syndrome (trisomy 18)
Learning difficulties
Macrocephaly
Long face
Large ears
Macro-orchidism
fragile X
Webbed neck
Pectus excavatum
Short stature
Pulmonary stenosis
noonan syndrome
Micrognathia
Posterior displacement of the tongue (may result in upper airway obstruction)
Cleft palate
pierre-robin syndrome
Hypotonia
Hypogonadism
Obesity
Prader-Willi syndrome
Short stature
Learning difficulties
Friendly, extrovert personality
Transient neonatal hypercalcaemia
Supravalvular aortic stenosis
williams syndrome
Characteristic cry (hence the name) due to larynx and neurological problems
Feeding difficulties and poor weight gain
Learning difficulties
Microcephaly and micrognathism
Hypertelorism
cri du chat syndrome (chromosome 5p deletion syndrome)
drug use increasing risk of cleft lip/palate
anti-epileptics
Sensorineural deafness
Congenital cataracts
Congenital heart disease (e.g. patent ductus arteriosus)
Glaucoma
rubella
Cerebral calcification
Chorioretinitis
Hydrocephalus
toxoplasmosis
Low birth weight
Purpuric skin lesions
Sensorineural deafness
Microcephaly
cytomegalovirus
heart defect DMD
dilated cardiomyopathy
turners syndrome murmur
ejection systolic due to bicuspid aortic valve
peak incidence at 6 months - 3 years
more common in autumn
croup (parainfluenza virus) -> give dex
<1 year old
winter
bronchiolitis (RSV) -> supportive tx
differentiate cardiac and non-cardiac cyanosis
nitrogen washout test
acrocyanosis
cyanosis of the peripheries
normal finding and may persist 24-48hr
CF colonising organisms
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Burkholderia cepacia*
Aspergillus
cystic fibrosis diagnosis
sweat test, CF indicated by > 60 mEq/l
developmental referral
doesn’t smile at 10 weeks
cannot sit unsupported at 12 months
cannot walk at 18 months
diagnosis of DDH
USS unless >4.5 months, then xray
tx of DDH
pavlik harness in children younger than 4-5 mo.
older -> surgery
Holds in palmar grasp
6 months
Points with finger
9 months
reaches for object
3 months
good pincer grip
12 months
head control
3 months
sits without support
7-8 months
crawls
9 months
walks unsupported
13-15 months
runs
2 years
tricycle
3 years
hops on 1 leg
4 years
not shy
6 months
shy
9 months
turns towards sound
3 months
mama dad
9 months
knows and responds to own name
12 months
2-6 words
18 months
combine two words
2 years
talks in short sentences
3 years
Primary hypogonadism (Klinefelter’s syndrome)
high LH
low testosterone
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (kALlmans)
ALL LOW
low LH
low testosterone
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
high LH
normal/high testosterone
Testosterone-secreting tumour
low LH
high testosterone
often taller than average
lack of secondary sexual characteristics
small, firm testes
infertile
gynaecomastia - increased incidence of breast cancer
elevated gonadotrophin levels
klinefelters
‘delayed puberty’
hypogonadism, cryptorchidism
anosmia
sex hormone levels are low
LH, FSH levels are inappropriately low/normal
patients are typically of normal or above average height
kallmans
DMD diagnosis
genetic testing
low insertion of the tricuspid valve resulting in a large atrium and small ventricle
atrilisation of the right ventricle
ebsteins anomaly
cause of ebsteins anomaly
exposure to lithium in utero
ebsteins anomaly murmur
tricuspid regurgitation
pansystolic murmur, worse on inspiration
steroid + emollient application
emollient should be applied first followed by waiting at least 30 minutes before applying the topical steroid
congenital cyst found in the mouth
epsteins pearl
when should a PPI be used for GORD in kids
unexplained feeding difficulties (for example, refusing feeds, gagging or choking)
distressed behaviour
faltering growth
gastroschisis
no sac -> vaginal delivery -> straight to theatre
omphalocele
sac -> C section -> staged repair
paed migraine management
ibuprofen
nasal triptan
bupronion CI
epilepsy
varenicline CI
depression
hypospadius
distal ventral urethral meatus
ITP in kids mx
usually conservative
if platelet count <10 or sig bleeding;
oral/IV corticosteroid
IV immunoglobulins
BCG if risk factors
at birth
‘6-1 vaccine’ (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, Hib and hepatitis B)
Oral rotavirus vaccine
Men B
2 months
‘6-1 vaccine’ (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, Hib and hepatitis B)
Oral rotavirus vaccine
PCV
3 months
‘6-1 vaccine’ (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, Hib and hepatitis B)
Men B
4 months
Hib/Men C
MMR
PCV
Men B
12-13 months
Flu vaccine (annual)
2-8 years
‘4-in-1 pre-school booster’ (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio)
MMR
3-4 years
HPV vaccination
12-13 years
‘3-in-1 teenage booster’ (tetanus, diphtheria and polio)
Men ACWY
13-18 years
EEG shows hypsarrhythmia
infantile spasms
most common loc of intussecption
ileo-caecal region
jaundice in first 24 hours
pathological
jaundice from 2-14 days
physiological
Pauciarticular JIA
less than 4 joints affected
high-grade fever which lasts for > 5 days. Fever is characteristically resistant to antipyretics
conjunctival injection
bright red, cracked lips
strawberry tongue
cervical lymphadenopathy
red palms of the hands and the soles of the feet which later peel
kawasaki disease -> treat with aspirin
precocious puberty
cafe-au-lait spots
polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
short stature
mccune albright syndrome
when does meconium aspiration syndrome occur
post term deliveries
neck lump anterior to the sternocleidomastoid near the angle of the mandible
branchial cyst
neck lump midline/suprahyoid location
dermoid cyst
neck lump posterior to the sternocleidomastoid
lymphatic malformation/cystic hygroma
when is neonatal blood spot test performed
5-9 days
confirmed neonatal sepsis tx
intravenous benzylpenicillin with gentamicin
nephrotic syndrome kids
minimal change glomerulonephritis
Projectile non bile stained vomiting at 4-6 weeks of life
pyloric stenosis
Colicky pain, diarrhoea and vomiting, sausage-shaped mass, red jelly stool.
intussuseption
pyloric stenosis diagnosis and tx
USS and Ramstedt pyloromyotomy
intussuception diagnosis and tx
USS and reduction via air insufflation
intestinal malrotation diagnosis
upper GI contrast study and USS
intestinal malrotation tx
laparotomy, if volvulus is present (or at high risk of occurring) then a Ladd’s procedure is performed
tx hirshsprungs
rectal washouts initially, after that an anorectal pull through procedure
meconium ileus diagnosis
X-Rays will not show a fluid level as the meconium is viscid
PR contrast studies may dislodge meconium plugs and be therapeutic –> surgery
biliary atresia tx
surgery - Kasai procedure
necrotising enterocolitis diagnosis
XRAY - pneumatosis intestinalis and evidence of free air
necrotising enterocolotis tx
total gut rest and TPN
babies with perforations will require laparotomy
which fractures is compartment syndrome most assoc with
supracondylar and tibial shaft fractures
splenic flexure tumour
left hemocolectomy
upper rectum tumour
anterior resection
lower rectal tumour
abdominoperineal resection
umbilical hernia
majority close spontaneously
patent ductus arteriosus
left subclavicular thrill
continuous ‘machinery’ murmur
large volume, bounding, collapsing pulse
wide pulse pressure
heaving apex beat
perthes disease mx
If less than 6 years: observation
Older: surgical management with moderate results
precocious puberty
before 8 in females
before 9 in males
pyloric stenosis
hypochloraemic, hypokalaemic alkalosis
Roseola infantum cause
human herpes virus 6
roseola infantum
high fever
followed a few days later by maculopapular rash
scarlet fever tx
oral penicillin V for 10 days
seb dermatitis
topical emollient
topical imidazole cream
shaken baby syndrome
retinal haemorrhages
subdural haematoma
encephalopathy
TOF
ventricular septal defect
right ventricular hypertrophy
right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, pulmonary stenosis
overriding aorta
loud single S2
prominent right ventricular impulse
‘egg-on-side’ appearance on chest x-ray
transposition of the great arteries
undescended testes mx
refer at 3 mo.
repair at 1 year
bilateral undescended testes
senior paediatrician within 24hours
diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux
micturating cystourethrogram
look for renal scarring - DMSA scan
5 Ws of post-op pyrexia
-Wind (1day): atelectasis
-Water(3days): UTI
-Wound(5days): surgical site infection/abscess
-Walking(7days): DVT/PE
-Wonder-drugs(Anytime): adverse drug reaction
differentiate between true seizure and pseudoseizure
prolactin
Sudden heart failure, raised JVP, pulsus parodoxus, recent MI
left ventricular free wall rupture
Weber result: Lateralises to unaffected ear
sensorineural hearing loss
c diff
gram +ve rods
posterior MI ECG
tall R waves V1-2
lidocaine MOA
blocking sodium channels
Retro-orbital headache, fever, facial flushing, rash, thrombocytopenia in returning traveller
dengue fever
Management of placental abruption when the fetus is alive, <36 weeks and not showing signs of distress
admit and administer steroids
indapamide
THIAZIDE DIURETIC
personality disorder tx
dialectal behavioural therapy
diarrhoea
normal anion gap acidosis
vomiting
metabolic alkalosis
COPD
NIV/BIPAP
OSA
CPAP
type 1 resp failure
CPAP
Patients with suspected visual loss secondary to temporal arteritis
IV methyprednisolone
long term mx MS
natalizumab