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Human Anatomy- Musculoskeletal > 2.1- Vertebrae Landmarks and Joints > Flashcards

2.1- Vertebrae Landmarks and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Label the bony landmarks. Which landmark is only present when vertebrae are stacked on top of each other?

A

The intervertebral column is only present between superior and inferior lamina when vertebrae are stacked. It surrounds and protects spinal nerves as they pass out from the spinal cord.

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2
Q

Label the bony landmarks. Which landmark is only present when vertebrae are stacked on top of each other?

A

The intervertebral column is only present between superior and inferior lamina when vertebrae are stacked. It surrounds and protects spinal nerves as they pass out from the spinal cord.

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3
Q

Outline the vertebral body. What are its function? Is it a part of any joints? If so, which?

A
  • Vertebral Body
    • The main chunky anterior section of the bone
    • Composed of cancellous bone surrounded by compact/dense bone
    • Designed for weight-bearing and support
    • Separated from one another by an intervertebral disc, a symphyses/secondary cartilaginous joint made up of hyaline cartilage covering the bones, and a layer of fibrocartilage between the two bones. Enable a small amount of movement.
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4
Q

Outline the vertebral foramen. What are its function? Is it a part of any joints? If so, which?

A
  • Vertebral Foramen
    • Large central hole
    • Bordered by vertebral body anteriorly, lateral-posteriorly by pedicles and lamina
    • Surrounds and protects of spinal cord
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5
Q

Outline the transverse foramen. What is its function? Is it a part of any joints? If so, which?

A
  • Transverse Foramen (2)
    • Only found in cervical vertebrae
    • Two holes in the pedicles (between body and superior/inferior articulating processes)
    • Surrounds and protects vessels
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6
Q

Outline the intervertebral foramen. What is its function? Is it a part of any joints? If so, which?

A
  • Intervertebral Foramen
    • A foramen formed when vertebrae are stacked
    • Surrounds and protects spinal nerves as they pass out from the spinal cord
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7
Q

Outline the transverse process. What is its function? Is it a part of any joints? If so, which?

A
  • Transverse Process (2)
    • Two thin lateral (outwards) pointing posterior points
    • Large surface areas for attachment of muscles and ligaments
    • In thoracic region, articulate with ribs
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8
Q

Outline the spinous process. What is its function? Is it a part of any joints? If so, which?

A
  • Spinous Process
    • Most posterior section of the vertebra. The lumps you feel down your back.
    • Large surface area for attachment of muscles and ligaments
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9
Q

Outline the superior articular processes and facet. What is its function? Is it a part of any joints? If so, which?

A
  • Superior Articular Process and Facet (2)
    • Superior projection connecting vertebra to the vertebrae superior to it
    • Have a facet covered by hyaline articular cartilage
    • Articulate with inferior articular processes of vertebra above, forming zygapophyseal/facet joints
      • Plane/gliding synovial joints enabling movement along any plane (multiaxial- abduction/adduction, side-bending, circumduction, and left/right rotation)
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10
Q

Outline the inferior articular processes and facet. What is its function? Is it a part of any joints? If so, which?

A
  • Inferior Articular Process and Facet (2)
    • Inferior projection connecting the vertebrae to the one below it
    • Have a facet covered by hyaline articular cartilage
    • Articulate with superior articular processes of vertebra below, forming zygapophyseal/facet joints
      • Plane/gliding synovial joints enabling movement along any plane (multiaxial- abduction/adduction, side-bending, circumduction, and left/right rotation)
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11
Q

Outline the pedicle. What is its function? Is it a part of any joints? If so, which?

A
  • Pedicle (2)
    • The connections between the body and the vertebral arch (the bone’s superior/inferior articulating processes)
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12
Q

Outline the lamina. What is its function? Is it a part of any joints? If so, which?

A
  • Lamina (2)
    • Connections between the transverse processes and spinous processes
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13
Q

How many bones are in the vertebral column? How many of each type are there?

A

Total of 26 vertebrae

  • 7 Cervical
    • Cerv(ical) sounds like sev(en)
  • 12 Thoracic
    • Thoracic and twelve both start with T
  • 5 Lumbar
    • 5 has an upside-down L in it
      Therefore Lumbar has 5
  • 1 Sacrum (made up of 5 fused vertebrae)
  • 1 Coccyx (made up of 4-5 fused vertebrae)
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14
Q

Identify the joint labelled A

Identify the ligament labelled B

A

A. Zygapophysial (facet)

B. Supraspinous

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15
Q

A. Identify the vertebrae
B. What does A articulate with?

A

A. Typical thoracic
B. Rib

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16
Q

A. How many vertebrae are in the adult vertebral column?
B. The bony landmark labelled A is unique to which region?

A

A. 26
B. Cervical

17
Q

A. Identify the bony landmark A

B. Which of the following structures is located in the transverse foramen?

  • Dorsal rami
  • Spinal cord
  • Spinal nerve
  • Ventral rami
  • Vertebral artery
A

A. Lamina

B. Vertebral artery

18
Q

A. Identify the landmark labelled A

B. What ligament forms part of the atlantoaxial joint?

  • Anterior longitudinal
  • Interspinous
  • Posterior longitudinal
  • Supraspinous
  • Transverse
A

A. Anterior arch of the atlas
B. Transverse

19
Q

Each spinal nerve is surrounded and protected by the…

A

Intervertebral foramen.

The intervertebral foramen formed by the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae surrounds and protects the spinal nerve as it leaves the spinal cord.

20
Q

The zygapophysial/facet joints are formed by articulation of the superior articular facets with the…

A

Inferior articular facets of the vertebra above

21
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the medial atlantoaxial joint is most correct. The median atlantoaxial joint is:

A

D. Composed of the transverse ligament attaching between the lateral masses of C1 and holding the dens against the anterior arch of C1

22
Q

The major movement permitted by the atlanto-occipital joint is…

A

Flexion/extension

23
Q

The head of the rib articulates with the…

A

Vertebral body’s superior and inferior demifacets

24
Q

Label the bony landmarks and identify the type of vertebra

A

This is the C1 vertebra, or the Atlas

25
Q

Label the bony landmarks and identify the type of vertebra

A

This is the C2 vertebra, or the Axis

26
Q

List three distinguishing features of…

A. A typical cervical vertebra
B. A typical thoracic vertebra
C. A typical lumbar vertebra

A

A. Cervical Vertebra: Transverse foramen, bifid spinous process, and bifid transverse processes

B. Thoracic Vertebra: Superior and inferior demifacets for articulation with the rib head forming the costovertebral joint (synovial plane/gliding), long inferiorly pointing spinous process, and a costal facet on the end of each transverse process for articulation with rib tubercle, forming a costotransverse joint (synovial plane/gliding)

C. Lumbar Vertebra: Broad posteriorly pointing spinous process, large vertebral body, small vertebral foramen, and neither transverse foramen nor costal facets or demifacets

27
Q

List and outline the types of joints found at the atlas and axis

A
  • Atlantoaxial Joint- Synovial Pivot
    • Composed of the transverse ligament attaching between the lateral masses of the atlas, holding the axis’ dens against the anterior arch of C1
    • Uniaxial: Movement around the transverse plane
    • Enable: Rotation of the atlas around the axis
    • A disruption or laxity of the transverse ligament resulting in atlantoaxial instability would result in the spinal cord being most likely to be compromised, as this may cause the dens of the C2 or the posterior arch of C1 to impinge on the spinal cord within the vertebral foramen
  • Zygapophysial/Facet Joint- Synovial Plane/Gliding
    • Plane/gliding (synovial)
    • Between superior and inferior articular processes/facets of adjacent vertebrae
    • Multiaxial: Movement along any plane
    • Enable:
      • Sagittal: Flexion/Extension
      • Coronal: Side-Bending (Abduction/Adduction)
      • Transverse: Rotation
      • Other: Circumduction
    • Structure:
      • Plane/gliding synovial joint
        • Hyaline articular cartilage coating bones, synovial fluid made by a synovial membrane, and collagen fibrous tissue surrounding synovial membrane forming a fibrous capsule
      • Anteriorly (just posterior to the spinal cord), the collagen fibrous capsule is replaced by ligament flavum, a ligament composed of elastin fibres rather than collagen.
        • Has a yellow colour
        • When not stretched, collagen buckles, which would interfere with the spinal cord. Elastin is more elastic, and therefore does not buckle into the spinal cord when relaxed
  • No intervertebral disc (cartilaginous symphyses) because the atlas has no vertebral body
28
Q

Label the Bony Landmarks and identify the bone

A
29
Q

Label the Bony Landmarks and identify the bone

A
30
Q

How many fused vertebrae is the sacrum made up of?

A

5 fused vertebrae in the sacrum

31
Q

How many fused vertebrae is the coccyx made up of?

A

4-5 fused vertebrae in the coccyx

Human Anatomy- Musculoskeletal (19 decks)

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