21 - MSK Knee to Foot, Balance Flashcards
What are the muscles of the calf
What innervates
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
Deep:
tibialis posterior (inversion)
digital flexors (plantar flexion, inversion)
Tibial nerve
What do the digital flexors do
digital flexors
plantar flexion
What does the tibialis posterior muscle do
Where does it cross over
inversion of foot
plantar flexion
crosses ankle joint via the medial malleolus
Which structures of the posterior compartment pass the medial malleolus to enter the plantar surface of the foot
tibialis posterior muscle
digital flexors
tibialis posterior artery
tibial nerve
hallucis longus muscles
Tom, Dick Anot Not Harry
What are the muscles of the anterolateral compartment
What innervates
What does it do
tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion, inversion via lateral malleolus)
digital extensors (extension of digits, dorsiflexion)
fibularis group (eversion, plantarflexion via lateral malleolus)
fibular nerve
What does the tibial nerve innervate
muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh and leg and plantar surface of the foot
What does the fibular nerve innervate
muscles of the anterolateral compartment
What are the causes of pain in atereo-lateral compartment
1) micro-fractures
2) strains
3) poor blood flow
Where is the ankle joint formed
What do the structures form
between the distal tibia and fibula and the talus
functional mortise adn tenon
When is the talus most stable
when dosiflexed
plantarflexed = unstable
what is the distal tibia & fibula supported by
tibiofibular ligaments and interosseus membrane
What are the ligaments contributing to stabilizing the ankle joint
medial surface (large, strong)
- deltoid ligament
lateral surface (small, weak)
- anterior talofibular ligament
- posterior talofibular ligament
- calcaneofibular ligament
What type of sprain is most common
inversion sprain
What are the arches of the foot
What does it do
longitudinal and transverse
helps to distribute weight evenly front to back and side to side
What are the structures contributing to maintaining the longitudinal arch
calcaneonavicular (spring) ligmanet
fibularis longus and tibialis posterior muscles (sling)
What does the calcaneonavicular ligament do
functions to maintain the longitdinal arch and provide shock absorption
What are the intrinsic muscles that move the toes
what innervates
superficial
- flexor digitorum brevis
deep
- lumbicals (flex MTP)
- interossei
tibial nerve
What is balance
ability to maintain a centre of gravity within a base of support with minimal postural sway
What are the three forms of balance
1) static balance (standing)
2) static adaptation (moving)
3) dynamic adaptation (moving)
What does the cerebellum use to coordinate movmenets and maintain balance
vision
vestibular
proprioception
What does the proprioceptive input do
Where does it arise from
used to help maintain orientation and balance
tendon organs
muscle spindles
joint kinesthetic resceptors
Where does proprioceptive info travel from
spinocerebellar tract
input comes from axial muscles and appendicular muscles
What are the muscles that maintain balance in the thigh
SGT. FOT.
sartorius, gracilis, semi-tendinosus
femoral, obturator, tibial
What other structures help with maintaining orientation and balance
muscles moving the eyes
- 4 rectus and 2 obliques (CN III, IV, VI)
muscles moving the head
- sternocleidomastoids (CN XI)
- upper fibers of trapezius (CN XI)
muscles of the trunk moving vertebrae
- extensors of vertebrae - intrinsic back muscles (segmentally innvervated)
- flexors of vertebrae - abdominal wall muscles & iliopsoas (segmentally innvervated)
