21 - MSK Knee to Foot, Balance

Question 1

What are the muscles of the calf
What innervates

Answer 1

gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris

Deep:
tibialis posterior (inversion)
digital flexors (plantar flexion, inversion)

Tibial nerve

Question 2

What do the digital flexors do

Answer 2

digital flexors
plantar flexion

Question 3

What does the tibialis posterior muscle do
Where does it cross over

Answer 3

inversion of foot
plantar flexion

crosses ankle joint via the medial malleolus

Question 4

Which structures of the posterior compartment pass the medial malleolus to enter the plantar surface of the foot

Answer 4

tibialis posterior muscle
digital flexors
tibialis posterior artery
tibial nerve
hallucis longus muscles

Tom, Dick Anot Not Harry

Question 5

What are the muscles of the anterolateral compartment
What innervates
What does it do

Answer 5

tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion, inversion via lateral malleolus)
digital extensors (extension of digits, dorsiflexion)
fibularis group (eversion, plantarflexion via lateral malleolus)

fibular nerve

Question 6

What does the tibial nerve innervate

Answer 6

muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh and leg and plantar surface of the foot

Question 7

What does the fibular nerve innervate

Answer 7

muscles of the anterolateral compartment

Question 8

What are the causes of pain in atereo-lateral compartment

Answer 8

1) micro-fractures
2) strains
3) poor blood flow

Question 9

Where is the ankle joint formed
What do the structures form

Answer 9

between the distal tibia and fibula and the talus

functional mortise adn tenon

Question 10

When is the talus most stable

Answer 10

when dosiflexed

plantarflexed = unstable

Question 11

what is the distal tibia & fibula supported by

Answer 11

tibiofibular ligaments and interosseus membrane

Question 12

What are the ligaments contributing to stabilizing the ankle joint

Answer 12

medial surface (large, strong)
- deltoid ligament

lateral surface (small, weak)
- anterior talofibular ligament
- posterior talofibular ligament
- calcaneofibular ligament

Question 13

What type of sprain is most common

Answer 13

inversion sprain

Question 14

What are the arches of the foot
What does it do

Answer 14

longitudinal and transverse

helps to distribute weight evenly front to back and side to side

Question 15

What are the structures contributing to maintaining the longitudinal arch

Answer 15

calcaneonavicular (spring) ligmanet
fibularis longus and tibialis posterior muscles (sling)

Question 16

What does the calcaneonavicular ligament do

Answer 16

functions to maintain the longitdinal arch and provide shock absorption

Question 17

What are the intrinsic muscles that move the toes
what innervates

Answer 17

superficial
- flexor digitorum brevis

deep
- lumbicals (flex MTP)
- interossei

tibial nerve

Question 18

What is balance

Answer 18

ability to maintain a centre of gravity within a base of support with minimal postural sway

Question 19

What are the three forms of balance

Answer 19

1) static balance (standing)
2) static adaptation (moving)
3) dynamic adaptation (moving)

Question 20

What does the cerebellum use to coordinate movmenets and maintain balance

Answer 20

vision
vestibular
proprioception

Question 21

What does the proprioceptive input do
Where does it arise from

Answer 21

used to help maintain orientation and balance

tendon organs
muscle spindles
joint kinesthetic resceptors

Question 22

Where does proprioceptive info travel from

Answer 22

spinocerebellar tract
input comes from axial muscles and appendicular muscles

Question 23

What are the muscles that maintain balance in the thigh

Answer 23

SGT. FOT.

sartorius, gracilis, semi-tendinosus
femoral, obturator, tibial

Question 24

What other structures help with maintaining orientation and balance

Answer 24

muscles moving the eyes
- 4 rectus and 2 obliques (CN III, IV, VI)

muscles moving the head
- sternocleidomastoids (CN XI)
- upper fibers of trapezius (CN XI)

muscles of the trunk moving vertebrae
- extensors of vertebrae - intrinsic back muscles (segmentally innvervated)
- flexors of vertebrae - abdominal wall muscles & iliopsoas (segmentally innvervated)