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Anatomy > 09 - NS Automatic Nervous System > Flashcards

09 - NS Automatic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Structures that regulate ANS reflexes

A

Hypotalamus
Brainstem

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2
Q

What does the ANS regulate

A

visceral effectors (internal organs)
- cardiac muscles
- smooth muscles
- glands

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3
Q

How does the ANS receive sensory info

A

through interoceptors (found w/in the walls of organs)
- monitors blood CO2 levels, stretch of organs, blood vessels (blood pressure)
- not aware of this information unless damage to the viscera

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4
Q

what is the role of the ANS

A

maintain homeostasis
(blood pressure, breathing rate, digestion)

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5
Q

What are the parts of the central nervous system

A

sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent) -> somatic & automatic

Automatic -> sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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6
Q

Somatic

A
  • one motor nerve
  • skeletal muscle
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7
Q

Automatic

A
  • two neurons
  • cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
  • preganglionic and postganglionic
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8
Q

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic

A

symp: signals to put on alert
- heart: speed up
- GI tract: reduce activity
parasymp: body relax
- heart: slow down
- GI tract: increase activity

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9
Q

where do the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons reside

A

spinal cord

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10
Q

How do the preganglionic neurons differ in the SNS and PNS

A

SNS = short
PNS = long

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11
Q

where is the ganglia found in the SNS and PNS

A

SNS = vertebral column
PNS = w/in wall of the organ being innervated

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12
Q

what type of neurotransmitter is used in sympathetic

A

effector = norepinephrine (adrenaline)
receptors = adrenergic

ganglia = acetylcholine (ACh)
receptors = nicotinic

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13
Q

what type of neurotransmitter is used in parasympathetic

A

effector = acetylcholine
receptor = muscarinic

ganglia = acetylcholine (ACh)
receptors = nicotinic

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14
Q

another word for sympathetic division

A

thoracolumbar division

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15
Q

what is the SNS responsible for

A

fright, flight, fight

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16
Q

what and where is the sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

aka vertebral chain ganglia or paravertebral ganglia

located near the vertebral column
innervate structures of the head, neck and thorax

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17
Q

What and where is the preventebral ganglia

A

aka vollateral ganglia

located anterior to the vertebral column on major abdominal arteries
innervate organs below the diaphragm
passes through the chain ganglia as SPLANCHNIC NERVES

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18
Q

what is the adrenal medulla made of/ what is

A

hosts collections of modified postganglionic neurons called chromaffin cells

19
Q

What do chromaffin cells do

A

secrete epinephrine (adreneline) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin) into the bloodstream

20
Q

What are and what do catecholamines do

A

hormones that are neurotransmiters made by adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine
stimulate all sympathetic effectors through the same receptors activated by sympathetic axons

21
Q

another word for parasympathetic division

A

craniosacral division

22
Q

What is the PNS responsible for

A

rest, relax, ruminate
salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation (SLUDD)

23
Q

where are the parasympathetic ganglia

A

(intramural ganglia)
located near or within the wall of the organs innervated

24
Q

which nerve innervates most of the thoracic and abdominal viscera

A

vagus nerve
10th cranial nerve (CN X)

25
Q

t/f = organs receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

A

true

26
Q

which organs only receive input from one branch

A
  • visceral/peripheral arterioles (mostly sympathetic)
  • iris sphincter - constricts pupil(only parasympathetic inputs)
  • radial muscle - dilates pupil (only sympathetic input)
  • eccrine sweat glands (sympathetic input)
27
Q

what is the constriction of the pupil called

A

miosis

28
Q

what is the dilation of the pupil called

A

mydriasis

29
Q

what do cholinergic neurons do

A

release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) which is quickly degraded by acetylcholinesterase

30
Q

what do cholinergic neurons include

A
  1. sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
  2. all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
  3. sympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating eccrine sweat glands (the only exception!)
31
Q

what are the types of cholinergic receptors

A
  1. muscarinic - found on all parasympathetic target organs (effectors) and most sweat glands
  2. nicotinic - found on all postganglionic neurons of the ANS as well as skeletal muscle (somatic NS)
32
Q

what do adrenergic neurons do

A

release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noreadrenaline)
- epinephrine & norepinephrine are also released as endocrine hormones from the adrenal medulla

33
Q

what neurons are adrenergic

A

most sympathetic postganglionic

34
Q

how does noreprinephrine compare to acetylcholine

A

norepinephrine is broken or removed slowly
- COMPT and MAO (enzymes) help to degrade these neurotransmitters
- the slow removal/breakdown means that SNS responses last longer than cholinergic responses

35
Q

What are the types of adrenergic receptors

A
  1. alpha receptors - bind with epinephrine and norepinephrine
  2. beta receptors - bind preferentially with epinephrine
36
Q

Alpha 1

A

smooth muscle contraction
- found in blood vessels of viscera (except the heart & skeletal muscle), radial muscle of iris, arrector pili muscle and sweat glands of the palms and soles

37
Q

Alpha 2

A

pancreas (dec. insulin & digestive enzyme secretion)
- platelets (promotes aggregation)

38
Q

Beta 1
(you have 1 heart)

A

cardiac muscle fibers (inc. HR & contracility)
pituitary (inc. ADH secretion)
adipose (inc. lipolysis)
kidney (inc. renin release)

39
Q

Beta 2
(you have 2 lungs)

A

relaxes the bronchioles, coronary blood vessels, arterioles of skeletal muscle, uterine smooth muscle
- hepatocytes (promotes glycogenolysis

40
Q

Beta 3

A

brown adipose tissue (thermogenesis)
- for cold temps

41
Q

agonist

A

substance that stimulates an adrenergic receptor

42
Q

antaognist

A

substance that blocks an adrenergic receptor

43
Q

what is a beta 2 agonist used for

A

treating symptoms of asthma

44
Q

what is the beta-1 antagonists used for

A

treating hypertension

Anatomy (18 decks)

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