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Anatomy > 14 - MSK Bones & Joints > Flashcards

14 - MSK Bones & Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone made of

A

connective tissue consisting of abundant ECM surrounding widely spaced cells

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2
Q

What does ECM consist of

A

15% water
30% collagen
55% crystallized mineral salts

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3
Q

What are the four types of cells that maintain bone

A

osteoprogenitor cells (stem cell –> give rise to osteoblast)
osteoblasts (imamture cell –> lay down collagen and calcium salts to build up bone, turn into osteocyte)
osteocytes (bone cell –> maintain bone tissue)
osteclasts (reabsorb bone to release calcium within it)

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4
Q

What are the types of bone

A

compact
Spongy

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5
Q

What is compact bone

A

compact
- 80% of skeleton
- underneath periosteum (living layer of connective tissue - collagen and stem cell)
- strongest type
- arranged in osteons (ring-like) (osteocytes around)
- protection and support (weight/movement)

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6
Q

What is spongy bone

A

-20% of skeleton
- trabecular or cancellous bone (b/c has physical spaces)
- located deep to compact bone (bone interior) always inside
- arranged in irregular columns called trabeculae (small beams)
- spaces filled with red marrow (between trabeculae)

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7
Q

How is bone formed

A

cartilage models that are slowly replaced by bone (ossified)
- osteoprgenitors turn into osteoblasts within the ossification centres and calcify the ECM

  • starts in ossification centre and spreads out
    (primary - middle/shafts, secondary centres - ends of bones)
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8
Q

Where is yellow marrow and red marrow found

A

medullarly cavity of the diaphysis of long bones (spongy layer): yellow (fat - energy)
epiphysis and metaphysis: red

epiphyseal becomes bone at 25

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9
Q

What is a nutrient formaina
what does it do

A

hole where nutrient arteries and veins penetrate the bone
feed the medullary cavity
gets cells out

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10
Q

T/F the blood supply can cross the epiphyseal (growth) plate

A

FALSE
it cannot cross the epiphyseal plate as it is composed of cartilage

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11
Q

T/F the periosteum of the bone is richly innervated

A

TRUE
The periosteum is the membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around most of your bones

when you fracture a bone, periosteum gives the sensations

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12
Q

How does bone remodelling occur

A

osteoblasts constantly laying down new bone in response to the forces applied to the bone
(body weight down on bone –> osteoblast line alongside of bone to make bone strong in the direction)

osteoblasts more active in growth years (height), less in adulthood

Osteoclasts nibble away at the calcium, shape and remodel the bone

max bone density @ 20, then slow degredation after

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13
Q

What are the hormones involved in calcium homeostasis

A

calcitonin
parathyroid hormone

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14
Q

What is the purpose of calcium homeostasis

A

support nerve and muscle function (to cause contractions
(not to maintain bone density)

Bones serve as a resevoir of calcium

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14
Q

What does calcitonin do

A

increase calcium deposition in bones to reduce serum levels
(build up bone)

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15
Q

What does parathyroid hormone

A

increases calcium release from bones (reabsorption to increase serum levels)

promotes activity of osteoclast to help nibble away at calcium and release calcium from matrix (put back into serum) create phorus bone

15
Q

What are the types of fractures

A

simple (closed) - does not penetrate the skin
compound (open) - penetrates the skin

16
Q

What are the common fractures

A
  • Comminuted (multiple splinter, extreme trauma, brittle bones)
  • Compression (collapse, osteoporosis, extreme trauma)
  • Spiral (rotational force, sports injury from piviting, toddlers because bones still mostly collagen)
  • Epiphyseal (rotational force, toddler, sports injury - still cartilage in bone – metiphasis seperates from the etaphysis)
  • Depression (blunt forced trauma)
  • Greenstick (partial fracture in children, frays like a tree branch)
17
Q

What are the steps in bone healing (repair)

A

3 phases (4 steps): reactive, reparative, remodelling

  1. reactive phase: fracture bone so blood vessels bleed –> creates fracture hematoma, periosteum keeps blood in one spot
  2. reparative phase:
    - recapitualing development (forming bone via cartilage intermediate) –> forms fibrocartilaginous callus
    - Stems cells migrate into site of fracture and become chondrocytes
    - Osteoblasts come in and lay down collagen (join two bones together)
  3. Reparative phase
    - osteoblasts replace cartilage and deposit calcium ontop of it
    - wayy too much bone
  4. Bone remodelling phase
    - lay down and nibble away bone to reshape
18
Q

What do ligaments do

A
  • stablaize joints (ie. knee)
  • form interosseus membrane between two bones that acts to seperate limb compartments
  • acts as site for attachment of muscles
18
Q

What are ligaments

A

dense, regular connective tissue consisting mainly of collagen fibers
connects bone to bone

19
Q

What are the types of ligaments

A

(tibial) medial collateral ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
(fibular) lateral collateral ligament
interosseous membrane (attachment site)

20
Q

What is the damage to a ligament

A

sPrain

collagen fibers laid down by firboblasts –> so never the same again (not the same tension)

21
Q

What are tendons

A

dense, regular connective tissue consisting mainly of collagen fibers

22
Q

What surrounds muscle fibers, what are the three layers

A

Tendon
endomysium
perimysium
epimysium

23
Q

What is an aponeurosis

A

tendons that are broad and flat
- ie. diaphragm

24
Q

What is damage to muscle or its Tendon

A

sTrain

25
Q

What are the three types of joints

A
  1. fibrous joints
    - most stable, no movement
    - good for suturing bones of skull
    - make sure bones don’t seperate
  2. cartilaginous joints
    - bone not completely ossified, still cartilage at the tips
    - intermediate stability
    - some movement/felxibility
    - ex. costal caritlage, pubic symphysis
  3. synovial joints
    - least stability
    - most range of movement
    - forms a potential space (cavity) filled with synovial fluid that helps to lubricate the joint
26
Q

What is a synovial joint

A

consist of synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid

opposing ends of bone in the joint cavity are covered by articular cartilage

extension of the periosteum

surrounded by joint capsule – outer fibrous layer (periosteum/collagen), inner synovial layer

27
Q

What are the types of the synovial joints

A

simple
complex
- additional cartilage – articular disc that gets inserted between the two bones to improve the stability (increase movement in the space)

28
Q

Where do you find synovial membranes

A
  1. synovial joints
  2. bursa
  3. tendon sheaths
29
Q

What are the types of infalmmation found in synovial joints

A

synovitis = inflammation of the synovium
arthritis = inflammation of the joint (synovium and cartilage)
osteoarthritis = inflammation of the joint (cartilage and bone)

30
Q

what is a bursa

A

sacs of synovial membrane (fluid filled)

placed between two moving structures to reduce friction (b.w skin and bone, muscle and bone, ligament and bone…)

31
Q

What is a tendon sheath

A

wrap around tendons forming tube like sleeves
- filled with lubricating fluid, allows smooth movements
consist of a visceral and parietal layer

32
Q

What are the joint shapes

A
  1. saddle
  2. hinge (radius and ulna –> elbow)
  3. pivot
  4. condyloid
  5. ball and socket (hip joint –> circulate motions)
  6. plane
33
Q

What does the joint shape do

A

determines the range of motionW

34
Q

What are the facots that effect ROM

A
  • tension of joint ligaments (tight when bearing a weight –> sit down loose)
  • arrangement of muscles (flexing requires relaxing hamstring)
  • contract of soft parts (flexing elbow to a certain point)
  • hormones (pregnancy –> makes pelvis soft)
  • disuse
35
Q

What are the types of movements

A

flexion (out to front - upper // back and forth - lower)
extension
hyperextension
abduction - away
adduction - towards midline
protraction - away jaw
retraction - bring back jaw
circumduction - four joints to make circle
Lateral and medial rotation - forearm/foot to midline or to out
Opposition: thumb and pinky together
supination: make soup bowl with hand
Pronation: criss cross radius over ulna (thumb to midline)
Inversion: foot super out
Eversion: foot medially
Dorsiflexion: true extension of foot - out to tibia and fibula
plantarflexion: downwards to go on tippie toes

*careful with the thumb/movement of the digits

Anatomy (18 decks)

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