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Anatomy > 08 - NS Diencephalon, Brainstem & Cerebellum > Flashcards

08 - NS Diencephalon, Brainstem & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus:

Posterior pituitary:

Epithalamus:

Thalamus

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2
Q

What does selective attention entail

A

context, vision, taste, hearing (pain, temp, proprioception, touch/pressure)

Everything but smell!

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3
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Hypothalamus:
- endocrine regulation
- automatic system regulation (BP, HR, digestion, respiratory, pupil)
- pleasure, fear, rage
- temp regulation
- appetite and thirst

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4
Q

Posterior pituitary function

A
  • oxytocin (uterine contractions, lactation)
  • vasopressin - ADH (water retenation, vasoconstriction
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5
Q

Epithalamus function

A
  • pineal gland (melatonin) - sleep, circadin rhythms, regulated by SCN of hypothalamus
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6
Q

Thalamus function

A
  • relay nuclei for memory, motor and sensations to the cerebral cortex
  • Memory & emotions (links mammillary bodies to cingulate cortex)
  • Motor (determines balance between basal nuclei and cerebellar output to premotor cortex)
  • sensations: vision, touch, pain, hearing, pressure, prosterior
  • cortical input (inputs from cerebral cortex determine which sensations can or cannot pass to the cortex - selective attention)
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7
Q

What are the structures of the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons and medulla

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8
Q

Where do the cranial nerves come from

A

brainstem
- 4 above pons
- 4 in pons
- 4 below pons

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9
Q

Midbrain

A

contains axons of precentral gyrus
- cerebral peduncles
- corticospinal motor tracts

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10
Q

Pons

A

relay nuclei from cortex to cerebellum via cerebellar peduncle pontine respiratory nuclei
- motor info shared with cerebellum

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11
Q

Medulla

A

pyramidal decussation (corticospinal motor tracts)
- crosses over right side, controls left side vice versa

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12
Q

Where are most of the cranial nerve nuclei found

A

brainstem

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13
Q

what are the somatosensory tracts

A
  • cuneate fasciculus
  • gracile fasciculus
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14
Q

Describe the structures of the midbrain

A
  • tectum (“roof”)
  • periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
  • oculomotor nucleus (III)
  • medial lemniscus
  • red nucleus
  • substantia nigra (signals to basal nuclei DA facilitates striatum of basal nuclei)
  • fibers of pyramidal tract)
  • superior colliculus (visual reflex relay)
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • reticular formation
  • cerebral peduncle
  • inferior colliculi (auditory reflex relay)
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15
Q

What happens when dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra are reduced

A

Parkinson’s disease
- SN neurons normally prevent activation of inhibitory neurons within the basal nuclei
- loss of the SN results in a decrease of movement due to a net increase of inhibitory neuron activation in the BN

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16
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

vision - coordination of eye movements

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17
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Audition - sound localization

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18
Q

Periaqueductal grey (PAG)

A

descending pain modulation

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19
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

CSF flow through midbrain

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20
Q

red nucleus

A

motor control

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21
Q

medial lemniscus

A

sensory processing

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22
Q

reticular fomation

A

alertness

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23
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

white matter tracts of motor pathway (pyramidal tract)

24
Q

Substantia nigra

A

motor control (via basal nuclei)

25
Q

Locate/name structures of the pons

A

pons

26
Q

pontine nuclei

A

respiratory center

27
Q

medial lemniscus

A

sensory processing

28
Q

pyramidal tract

A

white matter tracts of motor pathway

29
Q

reticular fomation

A

alertness

30
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

white matter tracts that project between the brainstem and cerebellum

31
Q

fourth ventricle

A

CSF flow

32
Q

Locate/name the structures of the medulla

A

medulla

33
Q

olivary nuclei

A

motor control

34
Q

fourth ventricle

A

CSF flow

35
Q

Choroid plexus

A

CSF production

36
Q

Medial lemniscus

A

sensory processing

37
Q

nucleus ambiguus

A

cardiovascular center

38
Q

solitary nucleus

A

cardiovascular and respiratory center

39
Q

pyramids

A

white matter motor tracts (voluntary)

40
Q

Reticular formation

A

alertness

41
Q

What is the function of the brainstem reticular activating system (RAS)

A

regulate consciousness, sleep and arousal

41
Q

How does the RAS system work

A
  1. sensory axons synapse on reticular activating system (RAS) neurons in the brain stem
    • Visual impules
    • Auditory impulses
    • Ascending general sensory tracts (touch, pain, temperature, NO olfaction)
  2. RAS neurons relay sensory stimuli to the cerebrum through the thalamus
  3. the continuous stream of sensory stimuli keeps the cerebrum aroused and alert
41
Q

Vermis

A

axial control

42
Q

What do descending projections do

A

from reticular formation nuclei to the spinal cord
- help to regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity

42
Q

Structure of cerebellum

A
  • outer cortex w/groves (fissures) and ridges (folia)
  • 2 hemispheres w/lobes separate by a central grove

anterior lobe
primary fissure
horizontal fissure
posterior lobe
vermis

42
Q

lateral hemsphere

A

appendicular control

43
Q

flocculonodular lobe

A

eye movements

44
Q

In which way does cerebellar processing and motor control occur

A

ipsilateral fashion

45
Q

What are the three sensory inputs to cerebellum

A
  1. vision (unfiltered)
  2. vestibular (balance)
  3. proprioception (position sense)
    • receptors in joints and muscles (close eyes, position…)
46
Q

What are the major input and output tracts

A

deep cerebellar nuclei
cerebellar peduncles

47
Q

Superior cerebella peduncle

A

cerebellum to brainstem (muscle tone) and cortex (corrective) from deep nuclei

48
Q

Mid cerebellar peduncle

A

cortex to cerebellum (motor and visual input)

49
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

proprioceptive & vestibular input to cerebellum

50
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibular nerve
muscle contractions

Cochlear Nerve
hearing
balance

51
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglossal nerve
- tongue muscle movements

52
Q

CN III

A

oculomotor nerve
- eyeball + eyelid movement

Anatomy (18 decks)

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