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A-Level Biology B > 2.1 Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic cell structure + function > Flashcards

2.1 Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic cell structure + function Flashcards

1
Q

give three key properties of a light microscope

A

portable
cheap
x1500 magnification

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2
Q

give 5 key properties of an electron microscope

A 
not portable
expensive
dead specimen only
vacuum inside
high magnification + resolution than a light microscope
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3
Q

define magnification

A

how many times bigger an object appears

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4
Q

define resolution

A

ability to distinguish between 2 points in an image.

a higher resolution results in a clearer image

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5
Q

what is the difference in membranes between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound nuclei whereas prokaryotic cells do not

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6
Q

what are akaryotic cells

A

non-living organisms that are not cells e.g viruses

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7
Q

define what a tissue is and give four examples

A

specialised cells that carry out a particular function in the body
e.g epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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8
Q

define an organ and give three examples

A

a structure made up of several different types of tissues grouped together to carry out a particular function in the body
e.g liver, stomach and leaf

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9
Q

define an organ system and give two examples

A

a group of organs working together to carry out a particular function in the body
e.g digestive and nervous systems

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10
Q

give three functions of a biological membrane

A

compartmentalisation-keeps everything together
transport-selective barriers to allow entry and exit of substances
cell adhesion/recognition

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11
Q

describe the structure of a phospholipid bilayer

A

a bilayer of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards. there are integral proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids embedded into the bilayer

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12
Q

give the function of an integral protein

A

main transport system, forming permanent pores or carrier proteins

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13
Q

give the function of peripheral proteins

A

may be enzymes, involved in regulating transport

e.g cell signalling

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14
Q

give the function of glycoproteins

A

often act as antigens, important for cell recognition or hormone receptors

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15
Q

function of Golgi apparatus

A

modifies proteins
packages proteins
mucus and lysosome production

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16
Q

function of vesicles

A

takes molecules made by the Golgi apparatus and sends them out of the cell

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17
Q

function of ribosome

A

translation in polypeptide synthesis

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18
Q

function of lysosome

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes - involved in cell death and immunity

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19
Q

function of nucleolus

A

contains protein and RNA

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20
Q

function of chromatin (DNA)

A

template for protein synthesis

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21
Q

function of nuclear pore

A

mRNA leaves via pore after transcription

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22
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

production and transport of polypeptide/proteins

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23
Q

function of centrioles

A

involved in cell division (mitosis and meiosis)

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24
Q

function of mitochondria

A

aerobic respiration to produce ATP

25
function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesises steroids and lipids
26
what are the key features and functions of the mitochondrion
contains: outer membrane inner membrane inter membrane space matrix (viscous fluid with enzymes) crista-increases surface area + is the site of ATP production ribosomes - involved in protein synthesis loop of DNA - polypeptide synthesis and self-replication
27
why are mitochondria different shapes and sizes
because they are cut at different angles
28
describe the production and transport of protein in cells
1. DNA is transcribed to produce a strand of mRNA 2. mRNA travels via nuclear pore to rough E.R 3. mRNA is translated at ribosome to produce a polypeptide that folds into secondary and tertiary structure 4. vesicle 'pinches' off rough E.R containing protein 5. vesicle travels to the Golgi apparatus and fuses with it 6. Golgi apparatus modifies and packages the protein into a vesicle 7. vesicle travels to cell membrane, fuses and releases contents via exocytosis
29
give two properties of the centrioles
comes in pairs | each centriole is a bundle of tubes
30
what is the cytoskeleton made up of
microfilaments and microtubules, which are made up of proteins
31
give three functions of the cytoskeleton
3D web cell organisation cell transport and movement
32
describe the key features of the chloroplast
``` contains: inner and outer membrane ribosomes granum/grana/thylakoid intergranal lamella loop of DNA stoma (liquid) ```
33
function of thylakoid disc
large surface area to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis
34
intergranal lamellae
connect the grana
35
loop of DNA
polypeptide synthesis and self-replication
36
what is the first layer of the plant cell to form
the middle lamella
37
give two features of the middle lamella
largely made of pectin (polysaccharide) | found between plant cells
38
give the equation for the formation of calcium pectate
pectin + calcium ions --------> calcium pectate | -COOH + Ca 2+ ---------> calcium pectate which strengthens cell wall
39
what is the primary cell wall made of and give an advantage of this
insoluble cellulose microfibrils | permeable to substances dissolved in water
40
give two substances that can be embedded in the cell wall to make it impermeable
suberin and lignin
41
what kind of ribosomes do bacterial cells contain
70S ribosomes
42
give four features of eukaryotic cells
contains membrane-bound nucleus contains membrane-bound organelles 80S ribosomes no plasmids or slime capsule
43
give four features of prokaryotic cells
no membrane-bound nucleus no membrane-bound organelles 70S ribosomes has plasmids and slime capsule
44
give three features of a bacterial cell wall
contents are hypertonic to solution surrounding them prevents swelling + bursting -maintains shape consists of a layer of peptidoglycan
45
what are pili and flagellae and how do they support bacteria cells
pili are protein projections used for attachment and sexual reproduction flagellae are many stranded helices of flagellin protein which helps cell to move around
46
features of cell surface membranes
contains respiratory enzymes as they have no mitochondria | contain mesosomes- infoldings of cell membranes
47
features of plasmids
rings of DNA that are transferred via pili codes for part of the bacterial phenotype reproduces asexually
48
feature of the nucleoid
genetic material that is not membrane-bound
49
feature of 70S ribosomes
smaller than 80S ribosomes subunits of 50S and 30S involved in protein synthesis
50
what do all bacterial cell walls contain
peptidoglycan
51
what is the main difference between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls
gram-positive contains large layer of peptidoglycan containing teichoic acid followed by plasma membrane layer gram-negative has outer-membrane layer followed by a layer of peptidoglycan and then another layer of plasma membrane
52
describe a positive test for Gram-positive bacteria
-add crystal violet/iodine complex it becomes trapped in thick peptidoglycan layer -add alcohol resists decolouring with alcohol -add red safranin stain does not pick up red colour and remains purple/blue colour
53
describe a positive test for Gram-negative bacteria
-add crystal/violet iodine complex sits on lipopolysaccharide layer but is not trapped -add alcohol lipopolysaccharide layer dissolves so peptidoglycan layer is exposed-crystal violet washes off -add red safranin stain peptidoglycan takes up red stain and remains red colour
54
what are the two types of antibiotics and what do they do
bacteriocidal-kill bacteria | bacteriostatic-inhibit growth of bacteria
55
what are the sites of action that are different in prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells, that antibiotics usually target
cell membranes + cell walls genetic material enzymes ribosomes
56
what are the four main bacteria shapes
cocci-spherical bacilli- rod-shaped spirilla- twisted or spiral shape vibrios-comma shaped
57
what are obligate aerobes
organisms that need oxygen for respiration
58
what are facultative anaerobes
organisms that use oxygen if available but can respire without
59
what are obligate anaerobes
organisms that only respire in absence of oxygen and are killed by oxygen

A-Level Biology B (43 decks)

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