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A-Level Biology B > 2.1 Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic cell structure + function > Flashcards

2.1 Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic cell structure + function Flashcards

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1
Q

give three key properties of a light microscope

A

portable
cheap
x1500 magnification

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2
Q

give 5 key properties of an electron microscope

A 
not portable
expensive
dead specimen only
vacuum inside
high magnification + resolution than a light microscope
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3
Q

define magnification

A

how many times bigger an object appears

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4
Q

define resolution

A

ability to distinguish between 2 points in an image.

a higher resolution results in a clearer image

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5
Q

what is the difference in membranes between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound nuclei whereas prokaryotic cells do not

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6
Q

what are akaryotic cells

A

non-living organisms that are not cells e.g viruses

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7
Q

define what a tissue is and give four examples

A

specialised cells that carry out a particular function in the body
e.g epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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8
Q

define an organ and give three examples

A

a structure made up of several different types of tissues grouped together to carry out a particular function in the body
e.g liver, stomach and leaf

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9
Q

define an organ system and give two examples

A

a group of organs working together to carry out a particular function in the body
e.g digestive and nervous systems

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10
Q

give three functions of a biological membrane

A

compartmentalisation-keeps everything together
transport-selective barriers to allow entry and exit of substances
cell adhesion/recognition

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11
Q

describe the structure of a phospholipid bilayer

A

a bilayer of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards. there are integral proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids embedded into the bilayer

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12
Q

give the function of an integral protein

A

main transport system, forming permanent pores or carrier proteins

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13
Q

give the function of peripheral proteins

A

may be enzymes, involved in regulating transport

e.g cell signalling

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14
Q

give the function of glycoproteins

A

often act as antigens, important for cell recognition or hormone receptors

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15
Q

function of Golgi apparatus

A

modifies proteins
packages proteins
mucus and lysosome production

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16
Q

function of vesicles

A

takes molecules made by the Golgi apparatus and sends them out of the cell

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17
Q

function of ribosome

A

translation in polypeptide synthesis

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18
Q

function of lysosome

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes - involved in cell death and immunity

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19
Q

function of nucleolus

A

contains protein and RNA

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20
Q

function of chromatin (DNA)

A

template for protein synthesis

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21
Q

function of nuclear pore

A

mRNA leaves via pore after transcription

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22
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

production and transport of polypeptide/proteins

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23
Q

function of centrioles

A

involved in cell division (mitosis and meiosis)

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24
Q

function of mitochondria

A

aerobic respiration to produce ATP

25
Q

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesises steroids and lipids

26
Q

what are the key features and functions of the mitochondrion

A

contains:
outer membrane
inner membrane
inter membrane space
matrix (viscous fluid with enzymes)
crista-increases surface area + is the site of ATP production
ribosomes - involved in protein synthesis
loop of DNA - polypeptide synthesis and self-replication

27
Q

why are mitochondria different shapes and sizes

A

because they are cut at different angles

28
Q

describe the production and transport of protein in cells

A
  1. DNA is transcribed to produce a strand of mRNA
  2. mRNA travels via nuclear pore to rough E.R
  3. mRNA is translated at ribosome to produce a polypeptide that folds into secondary and tertiary structure
  4. vesicle ‘pinches’ off rough E.R containing protein
  5. vesicle travels to the Golgi apparatus and fuses with it
  6. Golgi apparatus modifies and packages the protein into a vesicle
  7. vesicle travels to cell membrane, fuses and releases contents via exocytosis
29
Q

give two properties of the centrioles

A

comes in pairs

each centriole is a bundle of tubes

30
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made up of

A

microfilaments and microtubules, which are made up of proteins

31
Q

give three functions of the cytoskeleton

A

3D web
cell organisation
cell transport and movement

32
Q

describe the key features of the chloroplast

A 
contains:
 inner and outer membrane
ribosomes
granum/grana/thylakoid
intergranal lamella
loop of DNA
stoma (liquid)
33
Q

function of thylakoid disc

A

large surface area to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

34
Q

intergranal lamellae

A

connect the grana

35
Q

loop of DNA

A

polypeptide synthesis and self-replication

36
Q

what is the first layer of the plant cell to form

A

the middle lamella

37
Q

give two features of the middle lamella

A

largely made of pectin (polysaccharide)

found between plant cells

38
Q

give the equation for the formation of calcium pectate

A

pectin + calcium ions ——–> calcium pectate

-COOH + Ca 2+ ———> calcium pectate which strengthens cell wall

39
Q

what is the primary cell wall made of and give an advantage of this

A

insoluble cellulose microfibrils

permeable to substances dissolved in water

40
Q

give two substances that can be embedded in the cell wall to make it impermeable

A

suberin and lignin

41
Q

what kind of ribosomes do bacterial cells contain

A

70S ribosomes

42
Q

give four features of eukaryotic cells

A

contains membrane-bound nucleus
contains membrane-bound organelles
80S ribosomes
no plasmids or slime capsule

43
Q

give four features of prokaryotic cells

A

no membrane-bound nucleus
no membrane-bound organelles
70S ribosomes
has plasmids and slime capsule

44
Q

give three features of a bacterial cell wall

A

contents are hypertonic to solution surrounding them
prevents swelling + bursting -maintains shape
consists of a layer of peptidoglycan

45
Q

what are pili and flagellae and how do they support bacteria cells

A

pili are protein projections used for attachment and sexual reproduction
flagellae are many stranded helices of flagellin protein which helps cell to move around

46
Q

features of cell surface membranes

A

contains respiratory enzymes as they have no mitochondria

contain mesosomes- infoldings of cell membranes

47
Q

features of plasmids

A

rings of DNA that are transferred via pili
codes for part of the bacterial phenotype
reproduces asexually

48
Q

feature of the nucleoid

A

genetic material that is not membrane-bound

49
Q

feature of 70S ribosomes

A

smaller than 80S ribosomes
subunits of 50S and 30S
involved in protein synthesis

50
Q

what do all bacterial cell walls contain

A

peptidoglycan

51
Q

what is the main difference between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls

A

gram-positive
contains large layer of peptidoglycan containing teichoic acid followed by plasma membrane layer
gram-negative
has outer-membrane layer followed by a layer of peptidoglycan and then another layer of plasma membrane

52
Q

describe a positive test for Gram-positive bacteria

A

-add crystal violet/iodine complex
it becomes trapped in thick peptidoglycan layer
-add alcohol
resists decolouring with alcohol
-add red safranin stain
does not pick up red colour and remains purple/blue colour

53
Q

describe a positive test for Gram-negative bacteria

A

-add crystal/violet iodine complex
sits on lipopolysaccharide layer but is not trapped
-add alcohol
lipopolysaccharide layer dissolves so peptidoglycan layer is exposed-crystal violet washes off
-add red safranin stain
peptidoglycan takes up red stain and remains red colour

54
Q

what are the two types of antibiotics and what do they do

A

bacteriocidal-kill bacteria

bacteriostatic-inhibit growth of bacteria

55
Q

what are the sites of action that are different in prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells, that antibiotics usually target

A

cell membranes + cell walls
genetic material
enzymes
ribosomes

56
Q

what are the four main bacteria shapes

A

cocci-spherical
bacilli- rod-shaped
spirilla- twisted or spiral shape
vibrios-comma shaped

57
Q

what are obligate aerobes

A

organisms that need oxygen for respiration

58
Q

what are facultative anaerobes

A

organisms that use oxygen if available but can respire without

59
Q

what are obligate anaerobes

A

organisms that only respire in absence of oxygen and are killed by oxygen

A-Level Biology B (43 decks)

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